We Cannot Live in It Can We Live Without It Essay Example for Free

We Cannot Live in It Can We Live Without It EssayWater is very master(prenominal) to us. Period. We will die without it, but unfortunately we also can not live with alike practically wet. Our bodies ar not designed to handle too much water. Our infrastructures also can not withhold massive amounts of water. Therefore we hope things like tsunamis, or hurricanes or typhoon or heavy snowfall or blizzard would not occur in an extreme manner.We all know our resources are depleting and I am going to encourage you to find ways to adept water. We have too much water this year, thats true. At the moment, despite of too many chaotic problems happening in the Arabian countries, other countries are hard to stay alive fighting with the environment. Australia has so much water, flood upon floors. Brazil as well, also flood. Many parts of Europe are having so much snow this winter, and even in US, many states are just struggling to keep their home premises snow-free.So why should we sta rt to save water? and How?Good old days.In the good old days, people collect rain water. I remember my grandmothers garden had 3 huge vase like the run into on the right at the corner of the house where the pipes would hang out from the roof. When it rains the rainwater would flow down to these huge vase.Save money my grandmother replied whenever I ask her why she had those three huge vases in the garden. I dont have to use invigorated water to water plant. They dont extremity potable water, rainwater is the outperform for them. Very natural, good for me and for them.When she washed the rice, she would not just throw away the rice water, she would pour it over her plants. Or when she washed fish or shrimps. she would do the same. Very nutritious for them. She would tell me.The good old days, people then would look at the resources around them and then think about how the resources can welfare humans and nature. Now, what happen between good old days and now?Water is an increasi ngly and precious topic of discussion worldwide. The irrational use and contaminant from major sources (rivers and lakes) can cause a lack of fresh water very soon, if no action is taken. Soon there will be a lack of water for irrigation in many countries, especially in poor countries. The continent hardest hit by water shortages are Central Asia, Africa and the Middle East. The need for fresh water increased about two times more than the world population. This was caused by high consumption of water for industrial and agricultural areas. Unfortunately, solo 2.5% of Earths water is fresh water.The main causes of deterioration of rivers, lakes and oceans are pollution and contamination by pollutants and sewage. Humans have caused all this damage to nature, through the float, sewage, industrial waste and mining without control. Aquifers (large underground reserves of fresh water) have already been explored. In South America, we have one of the largest aquifers in the world. Much of the water of this aquifer is located in the Brazilian underground. Studies of the World Water Commission and other international agencies show that billions of people on our planet are living without the bare minimum of health conditions. Millions of persons have no access to drinking water. Given these serious problems, several diseases such as diarrhea, hepatitis and many others are spread. HaitiAccording to the Center for Infectious affection Control (CDC), based in Atlanta, United States, approximately 1.3 million Haitians are still living in relief camps after the January earthquake, hindering access to drinking water, health conditions and health care. The first cases of the disease, transmitted through contaminated water or food, were recorded at the river Arbonite, in the north. Cases of cholera have been identified in all ten regions of Haiti. About 1,100 people have died from the disease last month. In total at least 17 000 cases of the disease have been recorded. It is infallible that the public be informed that the disease is treatable. Cholera causes diarrhea and vomiting, leading to acute dehydration. The disease can kill quickly, but is easily treated with antibiotics and hydration. simple measures can help us avoid the water-borne diseasesBathe dailyUsing the posteriorWash hands thoroughly out front and after victimization the toiletWash hands thoroughly before eatingTrim fingernails and keep them cleanOnly drink water that has been filtered and / or boiledWash fruits and vegetables before eating themIt is estimated that 76% of Haitians live on less than $ 3 per day and 50% have less than $ 1 a day. A bar of gunk costs in normal times, $ 0.50 in most markets and Haitians, for many families, washing hands turned a potentially fatal dilemma between using the little money to buy soap or buy food.The head of the NGO Doctors without Borders in Haiti, the Italian Stefano Zannini, in a tone of relief and defeat in an interview last Wednesday, said that the workload is stressful. It is not easy to work with the smell, the noise and pressure of so many patients. He said they are working 24 hours a day and they are overloaded. Zannini also says none of the measures to contain the epidemic is meant to doctors. They depend on washing hands have clean water and be provided by suitable target to corpses and human feces.

Research and Development of Anti-Retroviral Drugs Essay Example for Free

Research and Development of Anti-Retroviral Drugs EssayDiscuss the reasons why the research and festering of anti-retroviral medicines (ARVs) has impacted differently on hoi polloi suffering from HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome in developed and developing worldHIV/AIDS still does non have a know cure, however has a treatment that slows d bear the affects of HIV/AIDS which is called ARV (anti-retroviral drug) The ARV drug is a genuinely exclusive drug beca usage as it is very expensive, around $400 a month if not more depending on which stage you are in, and that is a huge dilemma because many pot cannot afford to pay that amount of m wholenessy so they are not able to receive the treatment. If people in the first world countries cannot receive the drug, how do people in the trinity world receive the drug? In third world countries the drugs are given to them for free, but on the 47% use ups the climb treatment. The drugs are given to them by of the drug company itself of other companies that buy the ARVs from the company and send it to the place where it is needed, for example Africa. Africa is the location where the most HIV/AIDS cases are, and is also the one getting the least amount of treatment.The reason for this is because the ARV drug company wants to get their money back for all the research they put in, so giving the ARVs for free would become a great loss economically for them. The first perspective of this issue is the social part. Infrastructure is a big hassle because as buildings coast a lot to construct they are not able to put up many, and you must also have trained people able to work there, which are hard to find in Africa. There are very few amount of places where you can go get tried and true but they have a limited amount of treatments and supplies. This is a huge problem because if people go to get better they have to wait or not get better at all due to the lack of resources. I would solve this issue by having not many small structures but several big structures so the supplies have a greater chance to arrive and more money is used wiser and more efficiently. Another social diorama of this problem is the education. In Africa the education is just aboutthing that not everyone gets, so they are not aware most how they get the disease, how they can prevent it or what arethe affects.A reason for why in Africa they do not receive the education is because there are a very few amount of teachers, and the teachers that they have whitethorn also be contaminated and are not able to execute their job correctly. HIV/AIDS affects everyone in their community because the disease spreads fast in their case (the people in Africa). This is due to their familiar behavior. Their culture does not have monogamy or a custom of only one sexual partner, but they have many different sexual partners, and that is why HIV/AIDS spreads so quickly in Africa. They also do not use protection because it is not available to most people and so chances are higher to get HIV/AIDS. Another cultural aspect is that there is a lot of prejudice against testing. Many people do not want to get tested for HIV/AIDS because one, they are scared the test magnate come back positive, second if it does result positive how will they tell their family/friends and thirdly how will they get the treatment they need to get.If the people get tested and do want to not tell anyone, because of various reasons, and as a result the problem amplifies and does not get solved. Another problem for the cultural aspect is get the people to take responsibility and try to change. Of coarse it is easier to ignore the problem and pretend it is not there, but that would not be helping the matter, it would be making it worse. How to solve these problems would be, in my opinion, have protection available to them, encourage testing, reassure the people that there will be a treatment for them, discombobulate them understand the severity of this issue and that if we do not take action it may get a lot worse, have session/groups for them to talk about their worries, experience ect. However before doing this we must solve the bigger problem, how do we give them the treatment for free. Another aspect of the issue is the ethical/moral part.The richer countries to some extent have an obligation to help the unretentiveer countries, but the third world countries should not relay or take advantage because also the richer countries have their own problems to solve. For insists America is going though a very tough crisis but at the same time they are helping the less fortunate get better. The poorer countries should also take action and do something to help themselves, because they should be putting the money where it really needs to go to, the people. This leads us to another aspect of the issue, the governmental portion. Politics have caused a lot of mayhems in the world because they sometimes do not have theypriorities sort ed out.For example in Africa instead of investiture their money in this issue of HIV/AIDS and the treatments, they have decided to invest their money on weapons and in their natural recourses such as oil. It is very hard to run a third world country but it should not be an excuse. To solve these concerns although it is a difficult task but one way to solve them, in my opinion, is to have people from the first world talk and discuss about what they can do together (with the people of the third world) instead of just have the first world do everything on their own. The last aspect of this issue is the economic part. Africa is already a poor continent, having a poor economy is not helping either. They do not have enough money to circulate and this kale Africa growing, having sick people also stops the economy from growing because it is another matter they have to face.Child labor increases due to the fact that the adults are sick and are unable to work and the poor people have no way in getting better because there arent enough doctors. In conclusion a way to root the problem in the distribution of the ARVs is to have several multi-national pharmaceutical companies sponsor the ARVs, so other independent companies do not have to buy the drug and then distribute them, but by sponsoring the drug, the ARV drug company directly gives the drug to the third world countries without loosing its money.The multi-national pharmaceutical companies get advertisement and so they also gaining not loosing their money. As you can see this is a win, win situation. The main issue here is that the ARV drug company does not want to put out the money that they put in research so they make the drug excessively high-priced because to produce the drug is a coast next to nothing. at once the people receive the treatment, they should help educate not only the affected people but also the people that havent been affected yet. I believe by doing this, the transmission of the HIV/AIDS wit h decrease significantly and things will start to get better. I do believe that this problem is solvable.

Virgin Media Business Strategy

complete(a) Media Business StrategyThis report is a cogitation of gross(a) Media Inc and the business strategies that define the go with. The analysis was an attempt to correlate the theories that define the business strategies of a beau monde and the practical approach wagesn by staring(a) Media in those beas. So we acquire performed a study of the groceryplace placeing Mix of sodding(a) Media and found on our findings a raise Analysis of perfect(a) Media.From the results of the SWOT analysis we incur drawn our conclusions of what pure(a) Media has to focalise on in the future and predict the path that they should take. unadulterated Media A First Look staring(a) Media is a leading name in the converse and entertainment sector providing a quad play of run consisting of wideband, television, mobile and fixed line tele squ all(prenominal). The conjunction was founded by Sir Richard Branson and has James Mo maveny as the company chairperson and Neil Berkett as chi ef executive officer of the firm. It has established itself as UKs leading media and communication provider and has make its large business through and through and through constant innovation, successful diversification and competitive intersection point design using a future proof strong communication winwork. arrant(a) Medias three main operating(a) ingredientsCable alertContentThe cable atom commotions broadband meshing, television and fixed-line foretell services downstairs the Virgin Media brand to residential guests in U.K.In the mobile segment Virgin Mobile has teamed up with T-Mobile by purchasing airtime from T-Mobile and branding it under the Virgin Mobile brand name.The content segment includes eight genre-based entertainment conduct, including Virgin1, Living, Bravo, Trouble, Challenge and Challenge Jackpot. The content segment as well all oversees the companys interest in the UKTV television channels through joint ventures with BBC Worldwide. There is als o the Video On Demand services and the website services that provide movies, TV shows and unfermenteds to the clients.History of Virgin MediaIn adjoin 2006 NTL and Telewest which were UKs leading cable companies merged together to become the provider of UKs leading triple-play services. Later in July 2006 the merged company acquired Virgin Mobile providing the first quadruple-play offer of TV, profit and fixed and mobile telephony services from a single operator. Finally in February 2007 the combined companies were rebranded and launched as Virgin Media. Virgin Media has rebranded NtlTelewest, the companys business Internet Service Provider (ISP), as Virgin Media Business. Virgin Media is the largest privately built network in the UK, with 330 Ethernet PoPs and over 38,000 street cabinets across the country. Virgin Media Inc. Is listed on the NASDAQ monetary fund Market and the London Stock Exchange (VMED)Track RecordVirgin offers ultrafast internet access of up to 50Mb to just o ver half of all homes in UK. Virgin Media has one of UKs most advanced TV on demand services and was the first TV platform to carry BBC iPlayer.(CITATION) .It is the second largest provider of sacrifice TV, was the first to launch a high definition TV service and offers a high-specification, HD-ready V+ personal video rec guild. It is also one of the largest fixed-line home phone providers in the country.Virgin Media has also announced that it would be launching 100 Meg broadband services by the end of December 2010.We ar expanding our trials of a 200Mb broadband service and are planning the commercial launch of a 100Mb service later this year. The development of our next generation TV platform is progressing salutary and we are confident it pull up stakes provide the UKs most accessible, comprehensive and seamless home entertainment experience. , Says Neil Burkett CEO of Virgin Media.Virgin medias performance in the convey grocery has improved over the last year. Its share outlay fell in the beginning of 2008 but remained stable during the recession period. Stock price declare been rising from the after part quarter after the company announced its successful Q4 results for the year 2009 .This shows that company has gained the trust of the investors.TechnologyVirgin Media is one of the largest residential broadband providers in the UK using a unique fiber center cable network. It is the first company in UK to offer Broadband, Telephone, and TV through its fiber eye cable network. The fiber optic cable is made of glass and it rejoins vast amounts of selective information at the speed of light whereas an separate(prenominal) providers use copper wires to deliver information, which is much slower than optical fibers.The fiber optic network gives the customer all the benefits of next generation telecomsIt helps to hack costs through voice and selective information convergenceIt quickly transfer large volumes of informationHelps to centralize and secure your data storageInstantly weapon disaster reco truly plansKey Facts somewhat Virgin MediaRevenue 3.8 Billion (GBP)Employees 10939Marketing OrientationThe aim of a Market oriented company is to satisfy the customer needs and requirements and to align their intersection points and services to the demands of the customers. A typical merchandising orientation model is shown below.A commercialise oriented company tries to continuously improve customer satisfaction. To deliver higher-up customer value they pay close attention to service, both before and after sales.The concept of market orientation is built on three pillars ofCustomer focusCoordinated marketingProfitability.An organizations capabilities to develop an orientation towards each of these three pillars depend on the internal structure and culture.Virgin Media follows a market orientation scheme in which the company is concerned about the customers requirements and needs. It pays attention to what its customer n eeds and delivers the information accordingly. Also collectible to high ambition amongst various service providers Virgin Media also follows Sales orientation in which the company pays attention to the s of sales as well.Virgin Media has put together 3 strategic priorities in its ManifestoEngaging our peopleGrowing our businessFixing the fundamentalsVirgin media has created a broad portfolio that drive out be tailored to enables its marketers to meet customer requirements. Product diversification at heart a single business allows it to be one step ahead of its competitors.Virgin Media believes in continuously interacting with its customers, either on day-to-day basis or in one of their stores, during a home installation or on the phone with one of Virgin Medias agents.Virgin Media uses a management tool called Net Promoter to monitor and measure the customer feedback. This helps the company to improve their performance by analyzing the feedback and suggestions from its customers .Show below are statistics of Virgin Medias customers and the chip of customers added in 2009.Competitive advantageCompetitive advantage is termed as The achievement of superior performance through differentiation to provide superior customer value or by managing achieve utmost delivered cost (Jobber, D., (2009), Principles and practice of marketing, 914)UK has become a highly competitive market for the telecom sector. With the government button for improved broadband services for everyone (http// virgins.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8012848.stm) Broadband speed offered by service providers has gone from up 14.4 kbps to 50 mbps. There is a cutthroat competition in the broadband sector with more than than 20 companies serving 61.4 million population of UK. (http//www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1352). payable to this intense competition major market players alike(p) BT, Virgin media and thresh about nominate almost similar incases offered to their customers while playing to their strengths in different market segments. Sky offers the most number of channels than any other service provider in UK and hence sky subscribers turn tail to be those who prefer their superior television services whereas Virgin media advertises its superior broadband network and hence its subscribers are normally those who use internet more. BT has more customer base due to its economical packages (Table 1).Services offered2 comparability of the basic packages offered by BT, Sky and Virgin Media* Package information taken from* http//allyours.virginmedia.com/?buspart=Portal_HP_topnav_1_1* http//www.sky.com/shop/bundles-offers/popular-bundles/* http//www.productsandservices.bt.com/consumerProducts/displayCategory.do?categoryId=CON-BT-BUNDLE-Is_intcid=con_intban_over ken_packages_homeIn HDTV section Sky seems doing far better than Virgin media. They have positioned well in HD TV market. Virgins video on demand service is highly acclaimed by the viewers (750m views in 2009, 50 % rise over previous year). Bravo, a pay channel of Virgin media has acquired exclusive rights of the US block buster series Spartacus Blood and Sand. Despite this Sky added 172,000 customers in the fourth quarter and Virgin media added only 34,200 new subscribers. Due to the uniqueness of services offered by sky Virgin media seems is lagging behind in the race when it comes to TV channels.In order to study the competitive advantage a company has over its competitors, Porter, M. E. (1998) suggested the five forces model.Analysis of pentad forces for Virgin MediaEntry barriers Entry into the telecom industry is primarily determined by the high cost of the fixed assets. There are significant costs to be incurred like the cost of establishing the network, operating costs of the network and familiar spiritd infrastructural costs. Virgin media has spent billions of pounds just to lay the optic fiber cable network required. Acquiring telecast rights for sporting events, TV shows etcete ra is also a key entry barrier determinant as the competition for the rights normally increases the price, making it harder for new entrants. BT a significant competitor and trial on an aging copper based network is finding it hard to convince its investors to develop infrastructure after incurring authorized losses in excess of 7b.The telecom industry is an extremely competitive market where key market players try to make profits through sales volumes and not price. So for an entrant into the market the initial return on investment leave be low and market expectations for generating profits in the long run are low as well. The market is also highly competitive and any product or service is immediately replicated by the competitors. For example BT has offered a 40 mbps broadband service to compete directly with Virgin Medias 50 mbps broadband service.There is a significantly high cost for advertisement as the competition is with established brands with significant brand recall. T he telecommunication service is a vital and intensely used and hence customers demand high quality of service. Service complaints are investigated by OfCom, UKs independent regulator of the telecommunications industry and hefty fines are placed on service providers for poor service quality. All these factors combined reduce the number of new entrants into the telecommunications sector.Rivalry determinants Due to the presence of significant market players like SKY and BT, at that place is intense competition in the telecom industry. Increase trust on internet has increase customer expectations and superior market players frequently reduce prices to attract more customers. There is hence a reduction in overall profitability and investments are hence done cautiously.Key market players have strong brand names and hence significant brand loyalty. Competing brands have their unique strengths making it difficult for users to switch net kit and caboodle. Sky network offer premium televis ion content and hence retain its customers even though Virgin Media has a superior high speed internet network. Customers also find it easier to take all the bundled services from a single provider due to advantages like ease of payment and discounts on bundled deals. High switching costs hence make it increasing difficult for Virgin Media to increase its market share.Supplier billet To develop a cost leadership advantage one really needs to control provider power. This is one big determinant of economies of scale. As in that location are many competitors in the telecom sector, suppliers tend to demand higher prices for the services in od force the company to provide better deals. The supplier may refuse to work with the company if their demands are not met and provide its services to a competitor.For example Sky charges a high wholesale price to its competitors like Virgin Media to permit them to display their premium offerings like sports. Since Sky has all the associated broadc asting rights and Sports channels are in great demand by the UK consumer, Virgin media and BT have no woof but to pay more for the content. Owing to this fact Sky has become a dominant force in the Television sector as its competitors are not able to match its prices.Threat of substitutes There are players like Sky and BT in the bundled services market segment and O2, Vodafone Talk-talk etc. in individual service market segment. All of them offer comparatively similar services at very competitive prices. Due to this it is difficult for a new customer to choose a service. The choice may whence be made instantaneously and based on current need. For example a sports fan when choosing a new service may immediately go for the Sky network without much consideration to the quality of the other networks. Existing customers may also be tempted to switch networks due to economic or service based needs. Virgin Media could lose an existing customer to BT which offers more economical bundle pa ckages and with the upcoming sports events like the football world cup and London Olympics it could lose customers to the Sky network as well.Also in order to reduce network congestion during peak hours, Virgin Media throttles the network speed and this has irked some of its internet users. If a rival service makes a claim that it does not perform such a speed check on the network, users may switch to the rival network.Buyer power Every service provider in the telecom sector aims at minimizing its churn rate (rate at which a customer leaves the service).Hence the customer enjoys a greater degree of bargaining power. Service providers tend to offer discounts and cheaper rates to ensure that they do not lose customers. Virgin media may be forced to renegotiate deals with the customers in order to minimise this risk.Five forces analysis though tells us about the microenvironment of the business, it is not enough to gain competitive advantage.A firm can get competitive advantage by deve loping strategies to create value to customer. Michael Porter suggests that company can either differentiate their product or service by,Differentiating their product offering orManaging lowest delivered cost.Competitive strategy options modelVirgin media has adopted a Differentiation leader strategy and utilises this in its advertising campaigns. Virgin Media advertisement campaigns focus on the fact that it is UKs fastest network and that it offers premium content on its Video on demand services. In a survey conducted by Ofcom Virgin media broadband speed was found to be highest in all the service providers.Traffic on Broadband Network affect SpeedsIn order to create severalise or lowest cost position it is important to understand the value chain of a company. Value chain analysis provides a holistic view of the company. It provides a framework for understanding the nature and location of the skills and resources that provide a basis for competitive advantage. Activities of a com pany are grouped into two old activities that generate a profit rim for the companySupport activities that facilitate the primary activitiesThe goal of a company is to ensure that the primary activities are performed expeditiously so that the costs incurred from the primary activities and support activities remain lower than the price paid by the customer for the service provided, thereby granting a profit margin to the company.Virgin Medias Value chain An analysis.Inbound Logistics Virgin media has tie ups with BBC, ITV and Television show broadcaster to deliver their content on its network. Having settled their disputes with Sky network regarding television content Virgin media now has a tie up agreement with Sky network for their premium television content like Sky sports, Sky one etc. However the wholesale broadcaster fee of Sky Network is high causing a significant increase in costs for Virgin media. But Virgin media does not have to depend on a third party service provider for network and cogitate logistics because it has its own superior network and in house facilities for network management. Hence it has a significant reduction in network costs.Operations and Service party is rated for its internet speed and its VOD service. This indicates that they have good operations throughout the UK. Their Web support chat window appears as soon as a net user starts browsing website. The retort to queries was quick and informative when tried online. BT also has similar service however it was less prompt than Virgin media. They also have their support through social networking sites like Twitter and Face book. Virgin gives all options to pay bills.Outbound logisticsVirgin media gives installation and maintenance service to all its customers. Customer can opt for e bill or a normal hard copy. When order for new connection is placed it is completed within 7 working days. Any new subscription to any of their service is completed on the same day. Because Sky is a dish network, customers are required to take permission from the societies which can cause annoyance to the customers. This gives competitive advantage as Virgin service can be obtained through BT cable.Marketing and sales company is strongly advertising on internet and television. They are using social networking sites aggressively for their advertising. They have completely understood the need of the segment they are targeting and marketing their broadband speed as their customer winning strategy. Company also believes that calling the customers may spoil the image of company hence they have fastidious rules for calling customers.ProcurementVirgin has established a code of conduct for its suppliers. Best part is that company focuses on environment and labor issues when purchasing decisions are made.Technology developmentWith quality technology Virgin media become UKs second largest telecom service provider company. They are unique in the market. Company is exam 100mbps broadban d speed and will be operational by 2011. They are also trialing 200 mbps broadband. Company also have technologies to support web based learning and automated hospital care with which they are ambitious to capture the market.Human resource managementVirgin media recently axed 2200 jobs due to economic slowdown. This will have a profound effect on its image in the employees. Company seems emphasizing more on employment cuts for cost effectiveness which will affect the morale of the employees. For cutting costs Virgin Media has outsourced some of its operations like billing and front end calling. This will benefit them in reduce expenses and increase efficiency. http//www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2205297/virgin-signs-network-contractFirm infrastructureVirgin media is operating in telecom market with its giant network. They have 186,000 km nationwide fibre-optic network worth 13 billion. They also have 157 telephone switches. Their infrastructure can support 70,000 calls/minute. 35% of the UKs broadband traffic is handled by Virgin media. This works as an entry barrier for new entrants in the telecom market.SuggestionsWith sound technology and infrastructure virgin media has lot of opportunities to spread its network in the unpolished areas. Company can improve its internal customer relationship and boost the morale of the employees. There is higher scope of improving the logistics in terms of new connections being completed within 48 hours and compete Sky network. They can also improve their billing system by offering payment through set top box.Virgin Medias Marketing Mix An AnalysisMarketing MixMarketing Mix is defined as The tactical tools that marketers use to implement their strategies (Kotler 2008 202).The four basic factors that we analyse the marketing mix on areProductPricePlace promotionFor a successful marketing strategy, one needs to come at the equilibrium of above four tools.ProductA product is anything that is capable of satisfying custome r needs, (Jobber,D 5th reading 326 ).Virgin media has four main products in its portfolio.TelevisionBroadbandland lineMobileVirgin Medias product portfolio is built up of intangible products making the stead purchase services offered to the customers like customer services, help lines and value added content an important aspect of the Augmented Virgin Media Product.Virgin Media distinguish its product from other competitors like Sky and BT by using special feature like optic fibre cable and forms a total product.The core product can be differentiated in many waysCustomers can be reached by applying following marketing mix-Functionality Virgin medias network is fibre optic network that provided support for high bandwidth and is unique in comparison to its competitors like BT and Sky who are still dependent on Copper based data transfer networks. This has helped Virgin media to gain customers attention as customer focus is now on high speed internet.Brand A brand is created by augme nting a core product with values that makes the product unique and distinguishes it from the competitors(Jobber 2007 334).To achieve high sales, you need a powerful Brand Name behind it , which in the end retains their customers through brand loyalty(Jobber 2007 334).Having an established brand name normally puts a business in a secure position in the competitive market as customers tend to focus on perceived brand value through the strong brand name. This enables retention of even the price conscious customers due to the loyalty created with the brand.Virgin media has Customer Based Brand Equity which is defined as The differential effect that brand knowledge has on customer response to the marketing of the product (Jobber 2007 332). The Virgin Group started by Sir Richard Branson has a significant market presence in various sectors due to a varied send of products like Virgin Records, Virgin Airlines. This provides a positive impact in the market as a first time customer will as sociate Virgin Media with the brand values and market value of the Virgin Group.Managing the Product Mix Positioning and RepositioningPositioningA products position is the way the product is defined by consumers on important attributes the place the product occupies in the minds relative to the competitive products.Virgin media operates in three segments in the B2C segment.Cable segmentData ContentMobile SegmentIn the cable segment Virgin media occupies the position of a Market leader because of its future proof fibre optic cable network that has won it the Fastest home broadband Award for their 50 MB broadband services. Due to its superior network Virgin Media is able to differentially position themselves against their competitors like BT and SKYIn the Data Content Segment. Virgin media occupies the position of a marketIn the mobile segment Virgin media is playing catch up to most other providers like O2 and 3 Mobile services. It currently has an agreement with T Mobile for use o f its airtime under the brand of Virgin Media.RepositioningIn Feb 2010 Virgin Media rebranded NTL/Telewest as Virgin Media Business. The rebranding came as Virgin media stepped up its effort to capture market share from BT which is the dominant operator in the B2B market segment. By rebranding the name the Virgin Media family is able to use the Virgin Brand name and improve its marketing capability.As Richard Branson has quoted technical progress with network development leaves Virgin Media Business well positioned to expand its offer out to smaller corporates.http//www.telecomseurope.net/content/virgin-media-branson-means-businessMarket Positioning Of Virgin Media Ansoff hyaloplasm analysisThe emphasis on product portfolio analysis is managing an existing set of products in such a way as to maximize their strengths. But companies also need to look to new products and markets for future growth. A useful way of looking at growth opportunities is the Ansoff Matrix.Existing Market Exi sting Product The Market Penetration Strategy is used when a company attempts to capture market share by launching its own version of an existing product. Focus then is placed on aggressive advertising and promotionsVirgin Media had applied this strategy to capture market share from BT when it launched its broadband services. It emphasised on advertisement campaigns and cheaper package deals to capture customers from Sky.Existing Market New Product The Product development strategy is used when a company attempts to launch a new product in an established market catering to its existing customer base. Virgin Media has proposed to launch its 100 mbps broadband service as an upgraded product to its customers to improve on its existing portfolio offeringsNew Market Existing Product The Market development strategy is used when a company attempts to target a new market with an existing product. Virgin media launched its broadband services with a fixed focus on home customers. Utilising its existing network and operational services it has re-launched its B2C arm as Virgin Media Business in order to capture market share from BT.New Market New Product The Diversification strategy where a company launches new products in new markets where it had no market presence at all. While Virgin Media was a diversification strategy of Virgin group there is no product or strategy currently utilised by Virgin Media to justify this approach. The intense competitive nature of the business also makes it riskier for the company to attempt such diversification at this point of time.Stages of PLC for Virgin MediaProduct development When an established company enters in the market with new product with new design and development, the sales are zero. Virgin media has not disclosed any information about a product in this stage and typically this information would be secret as the telecommunication industry is highly competitive.Introduction When a new product is introduced in an established m arket, the profit would be very less and the cost of introduction of the product would be very high , also it will lead to a small growth in sales. Virgin Media has launched its 100 mbps Broadband service as test service in Coventry on a test basis. offset When the new product is true in the market company starts making the profit , this period of acceptance and the profit would fall into Growth of the PLC graph. Virgin medias VOD services fall in the Growth sector as it has recorded a 50 % growth in 2009.Maturity When the product captures the majority of its market customers, slowdown the sales growth. There is step-down in the Profit level because of increasing marketing costs in order to remain competitive. Virgin Media 20Mb Broadband being second popular choice has reached its maturity stage and there is a slow growth in the number of new customers. Hence Virgin Media has launched its 100 mbps broadband service in order to return the broadband segment into the growth.Decline S tage When a product performs poorly and there is a reduction in sales it is cognize as the decline stage. Currently in our assessment Virgin Media does not have any product that is in the decline stage.BCG Matrix of Virgin MediaThe BCG Growth- circumstances Matrix is designed by leading management consultancy Boston consulting Group (BCG) which allows drawing the portfolio in 2X2 diagram and thus analysing the product. The BCG matrix gives guidelines for setting strategic objectives on the cash flow and categorized as.Stars Build sales/ Market sharesProblem children Build selectivelyCash Cows Hold sales or/and market sharesDogs Harvest or focus on defendable nicheAfter analysing Virgin Media products the portfolio of the product can be drawn as follows50MB Broadband,VODBroadband+Landline+Mobile+TV Mobile Services50Mb Broadband is a STAR because that has been awarded the fastest Home broadband .Virgin Media being the first Quad play player in the market they got positive response from their customers, thats why TV, Broadband , landline and mobile Services as a bundle falls in immediate payment COW. Mobile Services has got fierce competition in the market thats why virgin Mobile Services falls in DOG sector.publicityPromotion means activities that communicate the merits of the products and persuade the target customers to buy it. (Armstrong and Kotler 2009 84)Promotions help to influence customers purchase behavior. Promotion also keeps people informed and educated about the product. denote plays an important role in Virgin Medias Marketing Strategy. Virgin Media uses different means to educate and inform the customers about their products like television, pamphlets distribution, hoardings, internet, direct marketing and newspapers.Elements of PromotionDirect MarketingIn Direct Marketing there is a direct communication with individual or group consumers either by internet, mail, email, fax, telephone etc. Direct marketing is useful to communicate directly wi th the potential buyers avoiding any intermediaries. Virgin Media does their direct marketing through call centers, sales representative, internet or distributing the pamphlets.AdvertisingAny paid form of non-personal communication of ideas or products in the prime media. (Jobber D. and Fahy J. Foundation of Marketing 2nd Edition 2006225). Virgin Media follows the product oriented advertiser strategy. This strategy involves highlighting the product features, services, price through various advertising channels such as television, internet, magazines, e-marketing etc.Virgin Media advertisements have been controversial due to the nature of their claims.A campaign Truth Lies and Broadband was subject of an ASA (Advertising Standards Authority) inquiry due to the complaints from its competito

Juveniles in the US Criminal Justice System

Juveniles in the US Criminal Justice SystemThe juvenile homage system has been in existence since 1899 (Kerbs, n.d.). Although this does non confront how long juvenile crimes defy been taking place, it does give adept a glimpse into how long juvenile crime has been taken to courts. Politically, both sides of the spectrum liberals as well as conservatives ar calling for the abolition of the juvenile courts jurisdiction over delinquency adjudications (Kerbs, n.d.). Sadly, crimes that juveniles be committing make water become more violent including scandalize and murder and although they be still, in fact children, they must still be punished for their crime. In most cases, a child who is over the age of 13 and commits a crime of that magnitude go forth be tried in an liberal court. The one thing that need to be remembered is that children ar children, not cock-a-hoops. A possibility remains that children can be rehabilitated into becoming more productive members of socie ty once they have gone through some sort of reformation process. of course, there is always the exception to that rule when children just do not c be and want to continue living a bad life and committing crimes. Adults have already gotten set in their ways and the chances of rehabilitating them are not as great as that of a child.Comparison surrounded by juvenile and gravid courts well-nigh differences between the two types of courts are the terminology used in each. For juveniles, they commit an act of delinquency whereas adults commit a crime (Misha, 2006). Differences in background are anformer(a) way that the two courts can be distinguished. When considering the juvenile case, the courts look at both the students academic and family background. In adult courts, these issues are not considered when the adult is on trial (Misha, 2006). Juvenile courts look at rehabilitation efforts for the child who perpetrate the delinquency. Adult courts focus more on the fact that the adult committed a crime and the community in which he or she lives or committed that crime does not approve of that crime and think the individual needs to be punished accordingly (Misha, 2006). Juveniles are not arrested but taken into custody. Adults are simply arrested. Adults are indicted and juveniles have petitions filed against them. Juvenile courts must either run to a finding or deny the petition. Adults have to enter a plea of guilty, not guilty, or no contest. Juvenile courts have an adjustment made. In adult courts, this is as well as called plea bargaining (Misha, 2006). Juvenile courts forget decide if the child should go to a detention facility or childcare contract adults who are facing due process are either sent to jail or sent back to jail (Misha, 2006).Similarities are present between the two as well. Both juveniles and adults have a right to get counsel to represent them in court. Both have a right to cross-examine and also to confront witnesses. They have the ri ght to be protected against self-incrimination and a right to be advised of the charges pending against them. Last, the prosecution in both types of courts must show proof that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt before the defendant can be convicted.Implications of Juveniles in Adult CourtsThere are times when calculates will remand a juvenile to an adult court, depending on the severity of the crime that has been committed, including rape and murder. This is called waiving jurisdiction, and it also depends on some other factors such as the age of the juvenile, and whether or not the court feels that the juvenile can be rehabilitated (Steinberg, 2000). In some states, a juvenile court judge must waive jurisdiction for certain offenses if probable cause exists that the juvenile committed the offense (Steinberg, 2000). other states have a presumption waiver in which the juvenile will be transferred to criminal court, when it is presumed appropriate. If the juvenile can prove that he or she should be in a juvenile rehabilitation program, thusly they will not get a presumption waiver (Steinberg, 2000). The judge will make that final decision, but the juvenile must be the one to prove it.Direct File, which is also known as Prosecutorial Discretion, exists in some jurisdictions and the prosecutor who uses his or her own discretion can file charges either in a juvenile or criminal court (Steinberg, 2000). Statutory Exclusion, which is also known as Legislative Exclusion, Mandatory Transfer, or Automatic Transfer, there are certain categories under which the juvenile can be excluded automatically from juvenile court. This exclusion is determined by a combination of age and offense (Steinberg, 2000). In some states there is a reverse waiver where a criminal court judge can waive a case to juvenile court based on various characteristics of the offender and the offense (Steinberg, 2000). In some states like New York, juveniles who are age 16 or 17 will a utomatically be tried in a criminal court because the juvenile court jurisdiction ends at age 15, and this is not considered a transfer. more(prenominal) cases are being transferred to adult courts because the list of cases being tried are growing, approximately one-third of those cases are for non-violent offenses like robbery or drugs, and there are a larger number of black and Hispanic offenders transferred than white offenders, even when they have committed the same type of crime (Steinberg, 2000).The problem that exists in this playing area is that there are many cases being tried in adult courts for children who are too young to really and fully understand the consequences behind their actions. The punishments they are being given are the same as adults and this does not sound like a fair deal. Punishments that are handed down to these juveniles in the adult courts should be done so with the understanding of the juvenile that they know what they have done is wrong and they c an accept the consequences of their actions (Steinberg, 2000). The age of the offender needs to be taken into account and the judicial system certainly needs to realize that some juveniles, even at the age of 17, may not be emotionally mature enough to have this understanding.Societal Implications of Abolishing Juvenile CourtIf juvenile courts are taken away, there will be more juveniles sent to adult prisons and given much harsher sentences and punishments than they should really get. It is crucial for the U.S. to keep these courts alive and active. Sending juveniles to adult prisons can make their lives much worse, and the chances of them being rehabilitated and becoming better citizens will be reduced greatly because of the things that can happen to them in prison and the things they will learn in prison. Children should not be housed with adults who are career criminals and have spent the better part of their lives doing bad things, hurting people and stealing. No one wants thei r children to end up like that. It is likely that society will not allow this to happen, but if citizens and law makers alike do not fight it, abolishing juvenile courts can become a reality.

Swisses Application on Healthcare Products Marketing

Swisses Application on Healthcare mathematical products MarketingBy Qian LiuExecutive SummaryThe purpose of this report was to analyse the selling mix principles used by the Swisse to trade its products and find directions for further development. The report illustrates how Swisse succeed through application of market mix elements well-researched products, people and organisation assimilation, promotion through leadership and CSR marketing as well as the ball-shapedisation exchange. Recommendations are made on focusing on food safety regulations and global market management.IntroductionWith the advancement of researches on the health of human body as well as the increasing ability to buy, people starts to focus more than(prenominal) on life quality and healthy living habits these years. Increasingly people began to pay more attention and money to body maintenance and health products, which brings dividing line opportunities for the health care products market.Swisse is an A ustralian health and wellness beau monde that manufactures vitamin, supplements and other personal care products that are currently available in about 30 countries including Australia, New Zealand, United King, the United States and Hong Kong, etc. Founded in 1969, the comp both has been committed to its philosophy health, happiness (HH) with a belief that the focus on people, passion and principles go away inbornly bring profit in. It conveys its philosophy to the public by introducing ambassadors who are sports stars or celebrities conducting a healthy life cycle.For about 50 years, Swisse has been investing in independent scientific researches on the development and cosmoss of scientifically-supported healthy products. It started building up since establishment partnerships with universities, laboratories and other top academic institutions as well as its induce scientific advisory panel consisted of a group of academics, scientists and clinicians. The company also focus on corporate social responsibility by using natural ingredients, offsetting carbon emissions, investing in charities and advocating sustainability.The purpose of this report is to identify the victor of marketing mix of Swisse by analysing marketing mix principles it applies product, people, promotion and gradement. epoch Swisse focuses more on four elements of marketing mix strategies analysis, other elements of marketing mix as well as other aspects such as backup surroundings might be everyplacelooked.Marketing MixOverview of the surmise Marketing MixMarket mix is a foundation conceptual framework in market. It is a set of marketing tools the marketing managers used to develop long-term strategies and short-term practices in order to meet targeted customer needs. Different elements are included in marketing mix in different industries. Through long development history, the marketing mix generally comprises the traditional 4Ps product, price, promotion and place to the develo ped 8Ps with people, process, natural evidence and performance in addition. The company in question forms its own 4Ps strategy by focusing on product, people, promotion and place.the 4PsProductProducts are the goods or services a company delivers to satisfy customers needs and are the basis of a companys revenues. A company can control the product quality, design, features, after-sales services and gull name to add value to its products. Besides, in order to keep the competitive advantages, a company may continually introduce new products in solution to customer needs and market environment. mickleHuman resources including expertise involved in research and development, product line and marketing. A company should hire subject personnel that are ethical, professional, high-performing and adaptable to the business culture. There should be working regulations, explicit standards incorporating engrave of ethics and a reward and punishment systems within a company . A comfortable working environment may increase the productivity of staff. The company should also establish and communicate peremptory values and culture for higher loyalty.PromotionPromotion is used by companies to convey the features and theories of their products to targeted consumers. General promotional tools may include advertising, public relations, brand name selling, etc. While products needs innovations and upgrades, promotion tools should also be creative and meet the market needs to attract customers and beat competitors.PlaceAfter production and promotion, a company needs to determine how customers are accessible to its products. Distri preciselyion channels include retailers, wholesalers, e-commerce, dealers, etc. As more and more business are going globalization, place becomes a specific concern due to difference in cultures and what works for a place may fail in another.The Swisse StrategyIntroduction to Swisse and its marketing mixSwisse started from a humble Melbourne warehouse in late 1960s by its founder, Kevin Ring. From the very beginning, the mission HH and the principles Celebrate Life Everyday are imbed in the ground and development of Swisse. Swisse products went from only herbal vitamins to a range from multivitamins, supplements, nutrition, personal care products to functional foods and are sold in around 30 countries in the world.Swisse applies marketing mix tactically in its marketing strategies. It invests in researches to provide more innovative, functional and reliable products it put people the top priority in its philosophy to build a harmony and effective working environment it implement creative advertising practices by building up roles of ambassadors and emphasise on corporate social responsibilities it opens up the distribution channels to retailer and e-commerce and expands the global market.Application of 4 Ps to Swisse MarketingApplication of Product polityResearch and DevelopmentSwisse ensure the functionality and quality of p roducts by investment in up-to-date scientific academic research. It has its own research teams and clinics to conduct projects and tests on innovation and upgrading of products and also builds up collaboration with top academic institutions and fore some projects. It has formal partnerships with entities like National Institute of Integrative Medicine(NIIM), Swinburne University and La Trobe University. It also has its own advising panel of esteemed scientific advisors such as Prof. Avni Sali, founder of NIIM, Dr. Karin Ried, research director at NIIM, Assc Prof. Andrew Pipingas, cognitive neuroscientist, etc.The expertise from cooperative organizations and advising panels ensures that Swisse remains at the principal of the up-to-date research development and opportunities as well as certifies the efficacy of formulations. The investment on research by Swisse not only justify the benefits, but also build up positive brand image of the products.HH valuesBehind the success of Swisse is the HH values embedded in its products. Health and happiness is the most commonly mentioned concept and the test for every decision within Swisse to convey the living theory with products and build a positive brand image.Application of People PolicyFocus on peopleSwisse put people at the top of its 4Ps priorities. It believes that people is the reason it succeed. It advocates a healthy lifestyle working environment by providing free personal trainers, masseuses and organic meals. It also encourages its staff to involve in communities to together build social leadership.Positive cultureA success organizational culture affects the organizations productivity and performance and the opinion the customers have on the company. Swisse promotes a positive and friendly culture as noted by Radek Sali, chief executive officer of Swisse wellness, a typical Swisse employee should force himself to dress up different daily, be creative, keep smiling, say hello to everyone, continuously improv e and deliver a positive can do attitude at Swisse.Application of Promotion PolicyAmbassadorsSwisse introduces healthcare professionals, sports stars, entertainers and social media celebrities as ambassadors who find its products helpful and recommend the products through blogs or other forms of social media. This build up a reliable and fashionable brand image for the products and add to the corporate reputation through the personal work out of these public figuresCSRAs social image is gaining increasingly speaking power on consumers decisions on choice of products, Swisse expands the health, happiness and wellbeing philosophy to the whole lodge and actively engages in corporate social responsibilities. It emphasizes on environment protection and contributes to the community by establishment of the Celebrate Life Foundation to help preventing diseases by educations of nutrition and healthy lifestyle.Application of Placement PolicyGlobalisationNot limited by its 1 position in Aust ralian market, Swisse goes globalisation youthful years. Swisse products quickly enter into racks of popular local retailers, for instance, Walgreens in the U.S.. It also actively cooperates with local media and programs like the Ellen Show and participates in advertising campaigns to ensure the fluency of its launches.E-commerce apart from wholesalers and retailers, the new distribution channel of e-commerce makes the purchasing experience much more convenient for customers and less resource-consuming for the Swisse itself.Recommendations on Future DevelopmentFocus on Product QualityDespite the popularity and fashionability of the brand name, consumers are more serious on what they eat. Swisse Vitamins has also been involved in advertising complaints on overstatement and misleading of its functionality and promotions violating Medicines Australias self-regulatory code of conduct. In fact, Swisse spent over $50 million per year on advertising. Though not involved in judicial cases or practically violating any laws, Swisse should focus on improving the products in the long run instead of conducting more advertising campaigns.Global Market DifferencesWhile globalization contribute to cosmopolitan demand for products, it brings more concerns to a company. Markets in different cultures have different characteristics. As Swisse plans to enter into more countries in the following years, special expertise is undeniable to examine different needs of customers, competition of the market, customs of business and make strategies for launches.ConclusionSwisse has effectively applied the four elements of marketing mix in its marketing strategies. The independent product research, focus on people, active and creative promotion as well as the globalisation placement contributes to the significant competitive ege over its competitors.Though the company sees a success in its marketing and profiting, Swisse should focus more on product quality and be more self-regulated for the good of business sustainability. The globalisation practices should also be carefully oversighted due to risks in the global market.Word Count 1637ReferencesRoss, G.(2012). Re-thinking and re-tooling the social marketing mix AMJ AMJ AMJ. Australasian Marketing Journal, 20(2012),122-126. Retrieved from http//www.elsevier.com/ place/amj Retrieved from https//www.swisse.com/en-au/our-story.Kotler,P., Marketing Management,(Millennium Edition),Custom Edition for University of Pheonix , Prentice Hall, 2000, p. 9Dermott, D. (2013). A case study on reinvention and growth Swisse is not selling vitamins, its selling wellness. Retrieved from http//www.anthillonline.com/a-case-study-on-reinvention-and-growth-swisse-is-not-selling-vitamins-its-selling-wellness/Arndt,J., 1980. Perspective for a theory in marketing. Journal of Business Research 9(3), 389-402.Peattie. S., Peattie, K., 2003. Ready to fly solo Reducing social marketings reliance of commercial marketing theory. Marketing Theory 3( 3). 365-385Rosenstock, I.M, 1966, why people use health services. Milbank Memorial Fund Quartely 44(3). 94-127.Shizumu, K., 2003. Symbiotic Marketing Strategy. Souseisha Book Company, Japan.Chain, D. (2013). Swisse Vitamins makes U.S. debut at Walgreens. Supplier News. Retrieved from http//www.chaindrugreview.com/

Free Essays - APA Style Sample -- APA

APA Style Sample APA (American Psychological Association) style is primarily used in the companionable science disciplines. It is formatted like MLA, and shows many similarities, but is unique in several key points. APA uses parenthetical (or in-text) citations within sentences, but rather than indicating the authors attain and page number, APA includes authors name and date of publication. The page number, represented with a p. or a pp., is only added to the citation when using a direct quote (not a summary or paraphrase). If the authors name is mentioned in the sentence, then place the date of publication in parentheses directly after the name. If the name is not mentioned include the authors name and date in parentheses at the end of the source material. And, if you use a direct quote, place the page number after the publication date within the parentheses. Note the residue between the following three examples Terrence (1999) has presented poignant examples f rom 150 interviews. Howeve...

Du Bois vs. Cox Essay -- essays research papers

Du Bois vs. Cox     Everyone has a different technique of evaluating the concept of race. The question that I deprivationed to ask is how these writers are using their experiences to development their own opinion. How did this concept of race develop into the immense issue we are facing now? According to Oliver C. Cox, the origin of race relations starts with ideas of ethnocentrism, intolerance, and racism. W. E. B. Du Bois verbalise that if what want to find the truth out about(predicate) race we need to look at the history of the world past the last centuries. The origin of race in my judgment as resulted from both history and the concepts mentioned in Coxs opinion.      He was an African American sociologist. He has innate(p) on August 24, 1901. From porthole of Spain, Trinidad, Cox was one of eight children and was raised by his uncle Reginald who was a teacher. He came to the United States and earned a degree in history and economics in 1927 at Tuskegee Institute. The environment in Alabama frustrated him and he then joined the faculty of Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri in 1949. He stayed thither until 1970, when he joined the faculty of Wayne State University in Michigan. Cox is best known for his attack on the caste school of race relations, in subsequent years he argued his Marxist views of capitalism and race in three books Foundations of Capitalism (1959), Capitalism and American Leadership (1962), and Capitalism as a scheme (1964). His final work was Jewish Self-Interest and Black Pluralism (1974). Oliver Cromwell Cox died September 4, 1974. Compared to Cox one can tell how W.E.B. Du Bois life influenced the way he thinks and acts.       William Edward Burghardt (W.E.B.) Dubois was born on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He was one of the most influential black leaders of the first half of the 20th Century. Dubois shared in the existence of the N ational Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP, in 1909. He served as its director of research and editor of its magazine, "Crisis," until 1934. Dubois was the first African American to go a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1896. Between 1897 and 1914 Dubois conducted numerous studies of black society in America, publishing 16 research papers. He began his investigations believing that soc... .... To define racism we control to look at history and see where the idea of difference all started. In Theories of Race and Racism edited by Les Back and John Solomos, essays by Oliver Cox and W.E.B. Du Bois address the question about race. Cox in his essay stated that ethnocentrism, intolerance, and racism are the guideline to follow to see the origin of races. However, W. E. B. Du Bois said that history presents the facts about the origin of races. I thoughts combine Cox and Du Bois ideas if these two concepts were examined together I bet that we could find a little more about racism and races. Work Cited     Back, Les, and Solomos, John, Theories of Race and Racism A Reader, (New York Routledge, 2000).      Lewis, David L., W.E.B. Dubois Biography of a Race, 1868-1919, (New York Owl Books, 1994).     Lewis, David L., W.E.B. Du Bois The Fight for Equality and the American Century 1919-1963, (New York Henry Holt and company, LLC, 2000).     Reed, Adolph Jr., New existence The Life and Career of Oliver C. Cox, (USA 2000). ISBN 1-58367-006-8