Medical Terminology Essay - 1296 Words

In my paper I will be discussing what medical terminology is, where it came from, and how it is applied to medical assistant careers as well as how it is applied to medical administration careers. I will give examples of the importance of medical terminology and specific examples of where medical careers use medical terminology on a day to day basis. I will also give a brief summary and definition of what medical terminology stands for. After reading my paper you should have a good concept of medical terminology’s importance, use, and why medical terminology is not just applied to medical assisting jobs but also why it is important for medical administration employees to also be familiar and have a good grasp on medical terminology.†¦show more content†¦Decoding is very important because then it becomes easier to understand medical terminology. You should first break down the word by evaluating the meaning of the suffix, then prefix, and then the word root. This will in able a worker to identify what it is that is going on and be able to describe it to their patient and to the doctor or physician when asked. But first the worker needs to have a good sense of the origin of words which is called etymology. (Theirer Breitbard, 2007, p. 1-4)Once you have the basic rules down you should be able to put words together and take them apart by decoding them. You also need to make sure that the spelling and pronunciation are correct because if a medical term is used incorrectly, it can become very dangerous and sometimes life threatening because you diagnose wrong procedures and medication. It creates a communication for health care professionals to make sure that a patient is treated with the highest amount of service and to ensure that they are being treated with the right medication. Decoding is essential but the father of medicine also wrote the Hippocratic Oath. In this Oath physicians are meant to promise to practice medicine the right way. To make sure their pronunciation and spelling was always accurate and correct. The Oath has been in use for over two thousand years and physicians and doctors are to follow the Oath to the bestShow MoreRelatedThe Origans of Medical Terminology Essay3156 Words   |  13 PagesThe Language origins of medical terminology Christy Hajdaj Ms. Fobear Medical Terminology (ME 1110) March 23, 2009 Medical terminology has a long and rich history that evolved in great measure from the Latin and Greek languages. â€Å"It is estimated that about three-fourths of our medical terminology is of Greek origin.†(Banay) â€Å"Latin accounts for the majority of root words in the English language.† (Fallon). We find that the â€Å"oldest written sources of western medicine are The HippocraticRead MoreThe Integumentary System with Medical Terminology1520 Words   |  7 Pageslooking at the color of the nails. 1Nail diseases are in a separate category from diseases of the skin. Although nails are a skin appendage, they have their own signs and symptoms which may relate to other medical conditions. Nail conditions that show signs of infection or inflammation require medical assistance and cannot be treated at a beauty parlor. Deformity or disease of the nails may be referred to as onychosis. Onychocryptosis, commonly known as ingrown nails (unguis incarnatus), can affectRead MoreThe Use Of Medical Terminology Among Nurses1277 Words   |  6 Pagesdo are the working units of any medical establishment. The field of nursing is a unique occupation, a mixture of the medical and hospitality fields. A nurse must be well equipped to perform medical care while also comforting their patients. To accomplish this feat, a specialized language has been developed consisting of medical terminology, extensive documentation, and body language. With such a large amount of complicated information being transferred in medical occupations, naturally, there areRead MoreThe Use Of Medical Terminology Among Nurses1658 Words   |  7 Pagesdo are the working units of any medical establishment. The field of nursing is a unique occupation, a mixture of the medical and hospitality fields. A nurse must be well equipped to perform medical care while also comforting their patients. To accomplish this feat, a specialized language has been developed consisting of medical terminology, extensive documentation, and body language. With such a large amount of complicated information being transferred in medical occupations, naturally, there areRead MoreClassic Interactions Between Patients And Doctors1325 Words   |  6 PagesClassic interactions between patients and doctors rely heavily on medical c ompetence. The doctor, the supposed superior in the arrangement, acts as a symbol for scientific proficiency while the patient exists as a sponge. While extensive knowledge is nonnegotiable in the field, empathy is a key component in ensuring proper diagnoses and sustaining healthy, impartial interactions. Margaret Edson s play W;t employs dialogue and discontinuous juxtaposition in order to draw attention to the inevitableRead MoreCause And Effect Of Symbicort1522 Words   |  7 Pagesto your medication. Part II: The use of medical terminology is incorporated into everyday interactions and interpersonal communications in some form. Today’s society is faced with different medical diseases and complications that lead to a decrease in life’s quality. With the ever growing issue of declining health statuses, biology and medicine are a relevant subject for almost everyone that is aware of of these particular issues. Medical terminology has become a vehicle for most individuals toRead MoreHS111_Unit4_Template1027 Words   |  5 Pagesof a medical term. Please list them in the chart below under the heading â€Å"Medical Terminology Error.† After you have listed the errors, you will need to identify the correct term or abbreviation. Please list them in the chart below under the heading â€Å"Correct Term.† Complete the title page and at the end of the project, be sure to list all applicable references and cite them in APA format. Unit 4 Assignment Type your name here Kaplan University HS111-__ (section #) Medical TerminologyRead MoreHS111 Unit4 Template C1058 Words   |  5 Pagesmisuse of a medical term. Please list them in the chart below under the heading â€Å"Medical Terminology Error.† After you have listed the errors, you will need to identify the correct term or abbreviation. Please list them in the chart below under the heading â€Å"Correct Term.† Complete the title page and at the end of the project, be sure to list all applicable references and cite them in APA format. Unit 4 Assignment Chelsy Davis Kaplan University HS111-_ (section 4) Medical TerminologyRead MoreEssay on Hs111 Unit 4 Assignment1121 Words   |  5 Pagesmisuse of a medical term. Please list them in the chart below under the heading â€Å"Medical Terminology Error.† After you have listed the errors, you will need to identify the correct term or abbreviation. Please list them in the chart below under the heading â€Å"Correct Term.† Complete the title page and at the end of the project, be sure to list all applicable references and cite them in APA format. | Unit 4 Assignment kali spurling-tober Kaplan University HS111- 4 (section #) Medical Terminology Read MoreReasons For The For A Doctor s Work1027 Words   |  5 Pagesterm can be used both by specialists of the sphere this term belongs to and those who are not. Therefore, there is a reason to give different definitions of terms depending on who requires it. For instance, when a doctor needs to determine a certain medical term, it is obvious that such definition should be extensive and contain all the information needed for the doctor’s work. In the same time, a simple person who has no any relation to medicine might also need to know the definition of that term. However

Censorship Is Monitoring Or Withholding Information Essay

Censorship is monitoring or withholding information. The information can come from a book, drama, media, or any other form of entertainment; but it is usually considered a threat to the consumer. Yet the consumer is not always the audience. Sometimes the threat is to a politician or government official. The debate over topics in the realm of what is acceptable and what should be banned only continues to rise as more taboo topics become acceptable. Some argue that keeping certain things behind closed doors is imperative for a harmonious living place. Others say that a small discourse is critical to remain sane. Censorship is a way of protecting society from itself. Leaders and parental figures can make the choice to monitor what is read, watched, and consumed, but until the world lives the life worthy of a children’s’ book the effort is futile. While the narrative being taught may be inappropriate or harsher it doesn’t decrease the value of it. Arguments are shown throughout everyday life over every topic. The question isn’t, â€Å"When will society stop fighting the norm?† The question is, â€Å"When will society stop fighting change?† The world evolves with every second. With that evolution society blurs the line with what is acceptable and not. Sixty years ago the idea of two boys kissing was the equivalent of burning a baby in church on a Sunday morning. Today, two men kissing is celebrated with its’ own parade. Social norms and ideals have been ripping down the cloak ofShow MoreRelatedComparative Analysis Of The Press And Its Role On Civil Liberties1378 Words   |  6 Pagesthey also could not be more different. While Japan has made huge strives towards becoming a free country, China is failing to establish democratic principles; this is especially demonstrated through government implemented censorship programs. 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Arguments opposed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 6 Applying principles of Deontology and Utilitarianism to the ethical dilemma†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 8 Conclusion†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pageRead More Defending Privacy of Personal Information Essay3925 Words   |  16 PagesDefending Privacy of Personal Information Privacy does not have a single definition and it is a concept that is not easily defined. Information privacy is an individuals claim to control the terms under which personal information is acquired, disclosed, and used [9]. In the context of privacy, personal information includes any information relating to or traceable to an individual person [ 1]. 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As Determinants Of Competitive Advantage - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The As Determinants Of Competitive Advantage? Answer: Introduction PBS is one of the largest areas in the health sector. The cost of PBS is high and rapidly growing. The problem is whether the PBS remains sustainable at the available cost and if not what measures of cost control are necessary for continued operation. In our report, we will give a business case on an initiative of pharmaceutical schemes and medicine consumption. This is to ensure that the scheme achieves medication and other related services. This will help in achieving economic development and optimal outcome for the health sector. Objective of the project The objectives of PBS are to: To determine if increasing co-payments for concessional patients and general patients makes the project viable To determine the trends in relation to PBS growth. To identify drivers of PBS growth. To determine if increased safety income thresholds more than inflation will benefit the business (Armenakis Bedeian , 1999). Rationale of the project The government is offering subsidies on expenditure on medicine. However, following the current changes on the PBS expenditure, cost of medicines has become expensive and the government is unable to finance most of the costs are left to the community. Considering current changes in the health sector, cost of medicines has become expensive and the government is unable to finance. The aim of these changes is to help the government by reducing the cost of subsidies they pay to pharmacists and discouraging the doctors to prescribe expensive drugs if there alternative drugs and therapies that can be used (Burke, 2008). Therefore, PBS wants to increase Co-Payments for concessional patients and general patients and increased safety income thresholds more than inflation. Other factors that have led to the growth of PBS is an aging democracy, expensive drugs, sources of finance, time and human resources. The government is out to finance these changes. Therefore the report aims at analyzing the budget in order to determine the viability of the project. Requirements of PBS This is the issues managers should consider before starting a project. This shows challenges that decision-makers should consider before deciding on a project and who to seek financial help having the desired outcome in mind will help make an action that will have more benefits than others. Time schedule This shows all activities scheduled that must be achieved within a specified period of time prior to the date of commencement. It shows when the outcome needs to have been generated. Managers should consider enough time for planning. This will make them decide on a project that will yield more profits (CHF, 2010). Project budget This budget allows an evaluation of the new investment. All items of interest must be captured in their project. The budget template will have information about income and information on the cost of expenditure. This will direct us on making the right decision. It will help us calculate possible profits that are expected to be gained from the project. Consider the financial support by stakeholders when needed. The sources of finance could be contributions or shares and loans. Human resource This involves information on human activities and all resources of use in achieving those activities. This involves payment of staff, training, and bonuses. Consider who will ensure the assets of the company are properly managed for the smooth running of the business. This department should ensure it decides on the right people for the right job (Carnall, 1999). Return on investment This is used to measure the amount generated from the activities of investment.it is a value to an investor as a result of investing in a new project. It measures the efficiency and evaluates the project by analyzing different investment projects. The desired outcome is to determine a viable business to invest. It will help to have more recruits on PBS and generate more profits by selling more PBS drugs. PBS drug Medicines must be assessed on safety, efficacy, and quality by ADEC. If the drug is recommended by ADEC then it should be made for sale in pharmacies in Australia. The company selling the drug must be evaluated by PBAC on the PBS. PBAC analyzes the effectiveness of the drug i.e. cost effectiveness. They advise the MOH and aged care if the medicine is to be listed on PBS (DoH, 2009). After MOH accepts the drug recommended by PBAC the medicine is referred to PBPA to negotiate the price which will be on the PBS with the manufacturer. Finally, the PBPA advice the MOH. Eligible persons for PBS Those eligible for the PBS drugs are Australian residents, visitors from other countries that have health care agreement with, refugees, pensioners, low-income earners, beneficiaries and commonwealth seniors. They get HC cards from Centre link to allow them entitlement to the scheme (Egan, 2007). Sponsorship From Koen (2005), this refers to the act of financing or supporting an event, person, activity, or a project in an organization they are used to increase awareness, propensity to buy and financial support. Companies can succeed by the help of celebrities to do campaigns about the new project on social media platforms success is achieved when there is a good relationship between the organization and sponsor. Stakeholders They assist to plan for a promotional pricing strategy to use regularly in order to increase sales volume. They make plans to employ competitive pricing strategy that will help them compete favorably with its rivalry. Stakeholders have plans to finance campaigns plan the project in social media platforms e.g. blogs and youtube in order to increase customer base. They make plans on who to use e.g. use of celebrity who have had famous personalities to act in their adverts of new projects. Several images should be used to catch the attention of customers. This will enable the company to increase sales as well as sales for them to get huge profits (Government, 2003). Sources of PBS costs PBS expenditure is not financed by government and therefore, it is prescriber based. Expenditure is examined at the end of financial year Causes of high PBS Increased in aged persons who have chronic problems and benefits from the drug. The roles carried out by aged people are limited because they cannot work and therefore their income is low. PBS expenditure has risen up due to increase in the price of drugs. This affects the total cost of PBS. The increased cost of drugs. There are effective and new drugs available in the market but then they are expensive. Pharmacists have a challenge of prescribing few, expensive and new drugs and tests. The budgeted expenses are $57240 on physical tests, $ 45000 on glucose test, $ 21000 urine test and $ 18000yearly costs giving a total of $141000. PBS wants to provide medicines that are cost saving and cost-effective on health care services and other related resources (Hambrick Cannella , 1989). Inappropriate prescribing. This is because of lack of accurate, timely and clear information on effective use of drugs, promotional incentives, and misleading information making Pharmaceutical industries to spend more money on the drugs. Pharmaceutical costs. This includes costs of the pharmacy that arise due to daily activities. They include: Staff expenditure These are expenses that arise due to PSB cost on staff, training of staff, employing extra staff, staff motivation and incomes of staff. Currently, the total expense is approximate $ 381600 (Koen, 2005). Administrative expenses This involves costs of administration that the company supports. It involves approximately $116000. Rent expenses These are expenses due to using a premise. It is approximate $60000. Increase in preventive drugs. People are more aware the value of secondary and primary disease prevention and the role of drugs for each treatment. PBS wants to provide medicines that are cost saving and cost-effective on health care services and other related resources. The demand for the product is determined by the number of attitudes of consumers, pricing, availability, disposable income and investment income and population. Unemployment creates a reduced disposable income and wages leading to recession. This caused profitability and revenue to decrease. Increase in disposable income improves the economy and company at large. This increases market revenue thus increasing the profitability of the organization (Kotler Armstrong, 2008). Attitude concerning their health determines the demand of the product. There is a shift in diet and healthy eating among customers. This is a potential threat as consumers become aware of the problems related to obesity and weight loss. Menus have changed towards the use of healthy flavors. Inappropriate prescribing. This is because of lack of accurate, timely and clear information on effective use of drugs, promotional incentives, and misleading information. This makes the Pharmaceutical industries to spend more money on the drugs. PBS wants to provide medicines that are cost saving and cost-effective on health care services and other related resources. Inappropriate prescribing. This is because of lack of accurate, timely and clear information on effective use of drugs, promotional incentives, and misleading information making the Pharmaceutical industries to spend more money on the drugs (Kotler Armstrong, 2008). Co-payments of Patient The government provides subsidies on the cost of acquiring medicine through PSB. The requirement is that beneficiaries make co-payments. Currently, patients revenue has been increased. Some costs are facilitated by the government. For each patient, co-payments are deducted from those who spent within their PSB threshold. Co-payments by patients contributes to about 16% of revenue approximately $782000. Many people are paying low co-payments leading to high PBS costs. PBS benefits were improved calling for a high cost of PBS (Mathur, Jugdev, Fung, 2010). Payments for concessional Payments for concessional patients and general patients are expected to increase. It has increased safety income thresholds more than inflation. The pharmacy has decided to increase payments for concessional and general patients since the government will not finance these changes. Currently, PBS expenditure is $730528. The GDP for PBS is expected to grow rapidly. This is represented by $ 487000. The rest will be financed by the government. Pensioners get an allowance to settle prescriptions of PBS. Currently, the allowance is at $2.8 per week paid regardless of the number of times prescriptions are made. Break-even analysis BEA BEA is a tool used to discover when the project will cover its expenses. It shows a point where the companys profit will start flowing. This is determined when the income is more than the expenses illustrated as: BEP = income- expenses It is crucial for the company to identify initial costs, costs of consumables and human resource costs (Ohmae, 1982). Financial analysis Income Budget Patient revenue $172,000 Yearly cost of medicine $110,000 Yearly cost of surgery $200,000 Yearly medical test $300,000 TOTAL $782,000 Expenses Budget Staff cost 10* nurses at 35*8*5 $168000 2*Nurses at 50*8*5 $48000 5*GP at 45*8*5 $108000 2*GP at 60*8*5 $57600 Physical test*6*30*10*5 $57240 Glucose Test*6*15*10*2 $45,000 Urine Test $21,600 Yearly cost $18,000 2000*4 88,200 water 3000*4 Electricity Admin Support 5000 Per week Rent $60,000 $730,528 Financial analysis Sustainability will depend on the subsidies. The question is whether the government will be able to fund an increase in the cost of co-payments. The policy of the government does not allow then the project is not viable. Like in our case the government withdrew from financing the changes. Sustainability of PBS is not only dependent on the cost of drugs but also the political and public willingness to sustain them at whichever cost. The company should consider the amount of revenue invested in the new changes to PBS and the cost of spending involved. Spending involves what it buys and what it pays for the company. PBS is sustainable if the outcome is positive (Ruhumar, Turel, Ofir, 2005). When the cost of PBS is high due to the high cost of drugs, this relates to the fact that expensive drugs are always of good quality and its effect fullness. On the other hand, poor quality and ineffectiveness may lead to low cost of PBS which may not be appreciated by those who value quality as their need. Therefore considering quality and the benefits that accrue from the drug the company should invest in the new project so that those who value quality should benefit from the scheme (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2007). PBS will be considered expensive if the expenditure cost is higher than the income generated. On the other hand, PBS is sustainable if the cost of expenditure is less than the income making the company break even. BEP = income - expenses Our income is $782000 and expenses is $730528 Thus BEP = 782000-730528 This gives a profit of $51472. For our case, the decision making action is to invest in the new project since the PBS cost of expenditure is less than income cost making it break even at $51472. Management risks Cost of medicines has become expensive and the government is unable to finance most of the costs are left to the community. Factors such as aging population increased awareness and the high cost of drugs related. They affect the community, eligible persons, and the company. Some drivers can be achieved without affecting beneficiaries e.g. preventive drugs. Some methods of containing the cost of PBS differ but will only be appropriate if the PBS expenditure is low (Thompson, Strickland, Gamble, 2010). Any project that results in a high cost of implementing causes a high cost of subsidy results in withdrawal by the government to finance such costs. Considering current changes in the health sector, cost of medicines has become expensive and the government is unable to finance. Therefore, PBS wants to increase Co-Payments for concessional patients and general patients and increased safety income thresholds more than inflation. This affects the users and prescribers which causes the risk of over-utilization. Some people may feel the cost is too high for them to prescribe to the PBS. This makes the business unsustainable. There is competition between companies arising from new and expensive drugs so that they are made PBS centers. There are high levels of expenditure on PBS. Conclusion Health care is an important consideration in the health sector. This is because it is responsible for peoples life. The healthcare ensures that people engage in social life. Even though the cost of buying drugs is expensive, the government should continue subsidizing the services. This is to ensure that the scheme achieves medication and other related services. This will help in achieving economic development and optimal outcome for the health sector. Therefore, social programs should be implemented in order to give support to the aging people in the community. The pharmacies should also offer subsidization on drugs in order to reduce health needs in future. The country should use drugs that are preventive rather than purchase expensive drugs. The decision making action is to invest in the new project since the PBS cost of expenditure is less than income cost making it break even at $51472. This is because the company should consider income and expenses to make a decision. There should be incentives programs in order to take care of the aged people. Care budgets should be encouraged in order to increase GDPs and change peoples life. There should be continuous monitoring to reduce visitors and refugees in AU from benefiting from the scheme. References Aitken, J., Childerhouse, P., Christopher. (2005). Designing and managing multiple pipelines. Journal of Business Logistics, 23. Amit, R., Schoemaker, P. J. (1993). Strategic assets and organisational rent. Strategic Management Journal, 14. Armenakis, A., Bedeian , A. (1999). Organizational change: A review of theory and research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 239. Burke, W. W. (2008). Organization change: Theory and practice. London: Sage. Carnall, C. (1999). Managing change in organizations. London: Prentice Hall. CHF. (2010). Medicare Thaws now time to take Health reforms of Office. AU. DoH. (2009). Pharmaceutical Benefits,Fees, Patient Contributions and Safety net Thresholds. london. Retrieved from PBS . Egan, J. (2007). Marketing Communications. London: Thompson Learning. The government, A. (2003). Budget Measures: Budget paper . AU: Government. Hambrick, D., Cannella , A. (1989). Strategy implementation as substance and selling. Academy of Management Executive. London. Koen, C. (2005). Comparative International Management. London, England: McGraw-Hill Education. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2008). Principles of Marketing. NewJersey, USA: Pearson Education. Mathur, G., Jugdev, J., Fung, T. (2010, 11 10). Intangible project management assets as determinants of competitive advantage. Management Research News, p. 460. Ohmae, K. (1982). The mind of the strategist. London:McGraw-Hill Publishing. Ruhumar, Turel, Ofir. (2005). Journal of Internet Commerce. Saunders, M., Lewis, L., Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students. London: Pearson Education Limited. Thompson, A., Strickland, A., Gamble, J. (2010). Crafting and Executing Strategy. USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Professional Log Counselling

One of the key conditions from Carl Rogers’s humanistic theory is congruence; the other two are unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding. Congruence is the act of being real or genuine, and it helps in making therapists more empathic towards their clients (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p. 119).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Professional Log: Counselling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This involves the therapist coming down to the level of the client by dropping titles such as doctor, professor, psychoanalyst and psychotherapist. The fear that clients have for the titles, coupled with the way some therapists present themselves with authority, create a barrier that in most cases intimidates them, making them unable to open up (Irving Dickson, 2006, p. 184). For a genuine conversation to take place, the client must be treated as an equal partner, failure to which he tailors the answers to match what he perceives as the therapist’s expectations. Clients should act as catalysts to the healing process as each person with a psychological condition has a significant role to play in his or her recovery (Rogers, 1951, p. 60). By realising one’s abilities, one can find solutions to the troubles that disturb him or her. Consequently, the therapist should only act as a medium for communication but should not provide solutions to the client (Rogers, 1951, p. 71). The counsellor’s role is to offer structure and guidance with the intention of enabling the client to discover the solution to his problem by himself. The importance of congruence is that it helps the counsellor to come into a direct contact with the client; as a result, the client’s feelings can be communicated without any barriers. The orientation and mind-set of the counsellor are instrumental in the decisions made by the client (Rogers, 1951, p. 64).Advertising Looking for criti cal writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, when one visits a show room, it is possible to know that the salesperson’s smile is not real and is only generously being offered since he is after a sale. Congruence also dissolves the strangeness of the counsellor; inscrutability evokes the misapprehension of power while openness dissolves it (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p. 124). However, authority dynamics are important forces in the friendly one-to-one associations, which can be abused or misinterpreted. Another importance of congruence occurs when the counsellor is willing to disclose his own weaknesses. The therapist can become powerless, confused, mistaken and sometimes apologetic as a result of his congruent reaction towards the client (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p. 125). This therapist’s openness on his weaknesses can bring about self-acceptance in a client who spends his life in fright of his flaw s (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p. 125). The other important factor relates to the key objective of counselling where the client is willing to be congruent himself. Every client looks forward to represent his or her feelings in an accurate and straightforward way rather than disguising or hiding them (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p. 125). Consequently, the therapist cannot display something that contradicts the required therapeutic outcome; it would be both perverse and inappropriate for the counsellor to look forward to furthering the client’s congruence if he remains incongruent himself. Self-actualisation is the highest out of the five levels of needs in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs’ model. Although it is the desire of everyone to make advances in life, one must first satisfy the lower needs before moving up the ladder.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Professional Log: Counselling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Self-actualisation, being the highest level of needs, is achieved when an individual realises his or her potential and gets pinnacle experiences. Human beings have an underlying ability to actualise, which aims to grow all capacities in a way that enhances one’s autonomy (Rogers, 1959, p. 48). The tendency is productive and directional; it occurs naturally within every human being and can only be suppressed but not destroyed. The propensity to actualise comprises of tension, need, all motivations, drive reductions, pleasure-seeking, and creative tendencies (Rogers, 1959, p. 63). The role of this theory is to help people strive to unearth their fulfilment and the accomplishment of their potential. Individuals have innate vast resources for self understanding and changing their basic attitudes, self-concepts and self-directed behaviour (Rogers, 1959, p. 64). The importance of these possessions is that they can be harnessed if a definable environment of facilitative psychological thoughts is provided. When parents provide encouraging but conditional regard to their children, they reject the desired qualities contrary to when they receive unconditional consideration (Rogers, 1959, p. 71). The therapist is supposed to provide such unconditional support and acceptance to the client to enable him to move forward in his expedition to self-discovery. Essentially, each person is good and wants to achieve the best with the driving force in them, which is the actualising tendency that catapults human beings to reach their greatest potential physically, emotionally and spiritually (Rogers, 1951, p. 102). When this natural force is suppressed, one realises emotional suffering and pain, and never reaches his or her full potential. The counsellor should be aware of this and ultimately guide the clients to choose behaviours and actions that can help them to grow and communicate better.Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The role of self-actualisation is to measure the degree or extent of achievement of an individual (McMillan, 2004). This is because an individual might possess exceptional talent that is underutilised; in worse cases, he may not even know that he has such ability. Such persons are unable to unlock their potential and may need to see a counsellor for proper guidance. Teachers, parents and other senior members of the society have the moral responsibility to spot and guide accordingly, all the students and young people who are unable to utilise their potential fully. Self-actualised people are those individuals who are satisfied or fulfilled and do all that they are capable of (Maslow, 1962, p. 63). The development of self-actualisation refers to the necessity for personal growth that is present throughout a person’s life (Maslow, 1962, p.64). When an individual self-actualises, he is capable of finding out the sense of life that is significant to him. Everyone is theoretically capable of self-actualising but many people do not do so or only do it at a limited degree. The importance of self-actualisation is that one develops desirable characteristics such as accepting oneself, being problem-centred rather than selfish, having an unusual sense of humour, being highly creative and adopting democratic attitudes among others. There are several behaviours that lead to self-actualisation such as avoiding pretence, taking responsibility, understanding life during childhood, and trying new things as opposed to sticking to secure paths (Maslow, 1968, p. 72). Self–actualisation also helps individuals, especially parents, to enable their children to grow in an environment where they can achieve their full potential. The children raised up in an environment of congruence have higher chances of actualising. The people who are raised in incongruent surroundings have very little chances of doing so and only feel worthy if they match the incongruent conditions they were taught (Rogers, 1959, p. 84). Lastly, self-actualisation assists in developing the country as one indivisible unit, which reduces the number of internal conflicts. Countries with many actualised people are more productive, both economically and socially, compared to those with fewer such individuals. This is because self-actualised individuals are able to come up with discoveries that help in resolving societal problems or the challenges that their fellow citizens face. For one to be self-actualised he has to satisfy all the other needs and the ones that are left unfulfilled can be done as leisure. This helps in reducing psychological conditions such as stress on the country’s population and as a result, it increases the life expectancy of the citizens. Such countries also experience few or no cases of internal conflicts such as civil wars. In conclusion, it is important for the counsellor to self-actualise and be in congruence with the client in order to create effecti ve results. This is because during the process of counselling, the therapist expects the client to be congruent and it is important for him to do the same. Additionally, congruence brings in a sense of equality and this builds up the conversation; effective communication can only occur if the client feels he or she is an equal partner and does not threatened. However, self-actualisation does not imply perfection; instead, it means being able to achieve one’s potential to the highest degree possible (Maslow, 1968, p. 90). References Irving, P., Dickson, D. (2006). A re-conceptualisation of Rogers’ core conditions: Implications for research, practice and training. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 28(2), 183-194. Maslow, A. H. (1962). Towards a psychology of being. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Company. Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. New York, NY: D. Van Nostrand Company. McMillan, M. (2004). The person-centred approach to t herapeutic change. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Mearns, D., Thorne, B. (2007). The person centred counselling in action (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd. Rogers, C. (1951). Client-Centred therapy: Its current practice, implications and theory. London: Constable. Rogers, C. (1959). A Theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centred framework. A Study of a Science, Formulations of the Person and the Social Context, 3, 184-256. This critical writing on Professional Log: Counselling was written and submitted by user Jordan L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Pros and Cons of Different Energy Sources free essay sample

They are an important source of energy that we have come to rely on, however, these days there many discussions have been taking place concerning their usage and the impact they play on the environment. As such, I will now list the pros and cons of fossil fuels. The pros of fossil fuels are as follows: 1) One of the advantages of fossil fuels is their existence as high efficiency sources of energy. The reason for this is that, when consumed they produce large amounts of usable energy. 2) Another one of the advantages of fossil fuels is their availability. Fossil fuels are not difficult to obtain from the earth. Also, due to the fact that the extraction and refining processes don’t take long, the fuels are able to be converted from their crude form into forms that could be used for a number of different purposes (Buzzle. com, 2013). 3) The third advantage that fossil fuels have is the ease at which they can be transported. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros and Cons of Different Energy Sources or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fossil fuels like coal are able to be transported by train, while oil and natural gas are transported by pipelines. This ease of transportation enables the places that convert these fossil fuels into usable forms, to not have to worry much about location (Buzzle. com, 2013). 4) And lastly, fossil fuels are not only used for energy, but also to create byproducts such as plastic that are used in almost everything (Locsin, n. d. ). Now, the cons of fossil fuels are as follows: 1) One of the major cons of fossil fuels is the danger they pose to the atmosphere. The burning of fossil fuels causes the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This is bad because carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. And that is not all, another one of the gases that is released when burning fossil fuels is sulfur dioxide. This toxic gas produces acid rain when it interacts with the atmosphere. 2) Another one of the cons of fossil fuels is the damage that is done to the landscape when collecting it. An example of this can be seen in coal mining. The landscape where coal is mined is damaged to the point where it is not able to be used for anything else. ) And last but not least, fossil fuels are a non-renewable source. And right now they are being used at an alarming pace because of how modernized our society is these days. So it might not be too far off in the future, when a time will come where we won’t be able to obtain anymore fossil fuels (Buzzle. com, 2013). What are the pros and cons of nuclear energy? The pros of nuclear energy are as follows: 1) One of the pros that nuclear energy b rings is a reduction in the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. 2) The second advantage is their relatively low operating costs. ) And lastly, nuclear energy has a large power generating capabilities, that allow for it to be used for industrial and city aspects (Buzz, 2009). The cons of nuclear energy are as follows: 1) The cost of constructing a nuclear energy power plant is high. And that is due to the equipment that is needed to contain the radiation. 2) One of the major concerns of nuclear energy is the disaster that could follow in the event of an accident. 3) And last but not least, another con that really is troublesome is the trouble of disposing of the waste. For one, the waste can last for a couple hundred years. Also, there is the ever present danger that it could leak out and contaminate ground water sources in the area (Buzz, 2009). What are the pros and cons of solar energy? The pros of solar energy are as follows: 1) Solar energy is renewable source of energy. As long as the sun is shining, solar energy is able to be produced. 2) The second advantage is that it is a clean source of energy. 3) And lastly, solar energy is a free source of energy, and its solar panels require almost no maintenance (Energy for Mankind. org, 2011). The cons of solar energy are as follows: 1) Solar energy can only produce its maximum of energy during the day, and when the sun is shining the longest. 2) Solar panels are very expensive. 3) And lastly, a lot of space is needed in order so the exact amount of solar panels that are needed could be installed (Energy for Mankind. org, 2011). What are the pros and cons of wind power? The pros of wind power are as follows: 1) It is a renewable source of energy. 2) It is also clean and free source of energy. 3) It won’t take long to recover the cost of purchasing and installing the wind turbine. ) And finally, a cool advantage of wind power is the fact that the electric company will reward for any excess energy that you produce but don’t use (Bernard, n. d. ). The cons of wind power are as follows: 1) One of the cons of wind power is its inconsistency. Since wind does not blow continually, wind turbines usually operate at 30% of their capacity. 2) Wind turbines have expensiv e upfront costs. 3) And lastly, another con of wind power is location. A wind turbine requires a lot of open land, in order to operate properly (Bernard, n. d. . What are the pros and cons of water (hydro) power? The pros of hydro energy are as follows: 1) Hydro power is a clean, renewable source of energy. 2) With the construction of a dam, there will be an abundance of electricity produced for many years. The cons of hydro power are as follows: 1) One of the cons of hydro power is the cost of constructing the dam. 2) The dams have to be built to the highest of standards. Precision, accuracy, and the right materials need to be utilized in order to achieve that goal (Energy for Mankind. org, 2011). What are the pros and cons of biofuels? The pros of biofuels are as follows: 1) Biofuels produce less carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases than a fossil fuel like oil. 2) Another advantage of biofuels is that they are immediately useable. 3) And lastly, Biofuels are high quality fuels that have allowed us to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels (Biofuel sustainability pros amp; cons, 2006). The cons of biofuels are as follows: 1) One of the cons of biofuels, is an increase in the clearing of rainforests in developing countries, in order to grow biofuel crops like corn. ) The growth of biofuel crops can have a negative impact on the prices and security of food. 3) And lastly, the creation of biofuels burns more energy than what is contained in the finished product. Therefore it isn’t an efficient fuel (Cunningham, n. d. ). When it comes to the Energy Policy Act of 2005, two of its provisions that I found interesting are the daylight savings time extension, and the creatio n of the energy star program. In the provision concerning daylight savings time; the daylight savings time was extended two weeks in the spring, and one week in the fall. These changes were to take place in the month of August of 2006. On the other hand, in the provision about the creation of the Energy Star program, the government created the program under the DOE and Environmental Protection Agency. The symbol of the Energy Star serves as an indicator of energy-efficient products and buildings. Last but not least, some of the tax incentives included in the Energy Policy Act of 2005, were for the installation of energy efficient appliances, residential energy properties, new homes, commercial buildings and more (Think Energy Management, LLC. n. d. ). References Bernard, M. (n. d. ). Pros and Cons of Wind Energy. Retrieved from, http://greenliving. lovetoknow. com/Pros_and_Cons_of_Wind_Energy Biofuel sustainability pros amp; cons. (2006). Retrieved from, http://curtrosengren. typepad. com/alternative_energy/2006/08/biofuel_sustain. html Buzz, P. (2009). Nuclear Energy: Pros and Cons. Retrieved from, http://www. triplepundit. com/2009/02/nuclear-energy -pros-and-cons/ Buzzle. com. (2013). Fossil Fuels Pros and Cons. Retrieved from, http://www. buzzle. com/articles/fossil-fuels-pros-and-cons. html Cunningham,

Run For the Border Comparison of the Mexican and French Revolutions essays

Run For the Border Comparison of the Mexican and French Revolutions essays ""It is easier to run a revolution than a government" (Ferdinand E. Marcos (1917-81), Filipino politician, president. Time (New York, 6 June 1977). ) Websters dictionary defines the word revolution as an overthrowing of government [and/or] radical change (Websters). The usual goal of a revolution is to change something that the populace does not like. The Mexican Revolution of 1910 was just that. The changes made in the Mexican government during the first half of the twentieth century bear many resemblances to changes made during the French Revolution. According to Brinton, there are four stages to every revolution. The preliminary stage was when both Mexico and France set up the problems to come in the future due to the leadership at that time. The preliminary stage then led up to the first stage where frequent uprisings occurred against the government and sometimes even the people. The third and perhaps most turbulent of the four stages was the crisis stage, where some streets ran red with blood, and order ran amuck. The final stage is the recovery stage, where the governments agreed upon a plan that would benefit the p eople who worked so hard for the changes to see the fruits of their labor. The preliminary stage of the Mexican Revolution was much like that of the French Revolution. President Porifirio Diaz was a prosperous President of Mexico for thirty-one years and ran the country much like Louis XVI of France. Diaz gave most of the power to a select few, while the majority of the country did not have the right to vote for the officials they wanted or to express their own opinions, limitations that are similar to the third estate of the Ancien Regime. With such conditions, wealth was likewise concentrated in the hands of the few, and injustice was everywhere, in the cities and the countryside alike (MexConnect). With these similarities however, there came many differences. ...

Print and TV Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Print and TV Media - Essay Example Television, or TV, literally means the unit that is used to receive broadcast signals from a network, and, in this case, refers to the actual use of TV-a means to get information on a regular basis. Shows on TV also vary in frequency, usually within minutes, hours, days, and weeks. Take a regular newspaper, roll it, tuck it under your arm or toss it in your bag, and you can read it whenever you've got the time-unless you want to get the information right here, right now. Such is the essence of the newspaper; news and information delivered through the convenience of compiles sheets of paper that one can carry around, as well as the corresponding affordability. On top of that, the availability of space in its environment allows print journalists to write lengthy news and feature articles, giving the reader access to more information that can be referred to anytime. The downside of it is the amount of time spent producing a single issue-a process that produces hundreds and thousands of copies-and how it measures against other sources. In this day and age, where everything can be accessed in one click, the speed afforded by print media is no longer up to par with the rest. This is particularly true for news-based publications, because this obstacle relegates them, by default, to last place in terms of relevance. On the other hand, if relevance is the is... A news anchor can be on air in seconds, and can announce breaking news even from remote locations via satellite right where and when it happens. Best of all, TV is visual-all the better to narrate in 30 seconds what a newspaper story will do with only words to rely on. Most people are inclined to TV than print, precisely because of this attribute. But TV can only be TV, at least for the mass market, if one has an actual TV. Compared to the print production process, the broadcasting system is far more complicated, requires more people to run it, and necessitates equipment that can never be called cheap. Plus, unlike newspapers, one can never read back what has been reported-unless a replay is run. III. Content is King, Distribution is Queen What a reader or viewer gets from both TV and print is almost identical. The reason for this lies in the preferences of its targets-the regular reader and the frequent viewer-whose loyalty the two media are always after. This resulted in the creation, development, and innovation of the material each features, known as content. News articles and breaking news. Coming from the same source, using the same methodology, but using different executions, these two form-specific materials naturally provides for the same need-that of knowing what is happening of significance at the moment. Magazines and variety shows. These two forms are actually several parts joined together to produce a printed material, or an hour-long show. They aim to cover certain interests, and, with the objective of making things fresh and upbeat, rely on the novelty of each section or segment. Dear Abby letters and drama programs. Many people are fond of emotional revelations,

Article Summary from OPM (Human Resources) Essay

Article Summary from OPM (Human Resources) - Essay Example It is imperative that each member should get the opportunity and involvement for the execution of task with great clarity in thoughts and means for its execution. It is essential that planning should be suitable, comprehensible as well as attainable. Moreover it is also required that the planning should be supple and possess helpful working documents rather than simple paper work. Monitoring: constant monitoring is imperative in the execution of tasks. This provides a feedback and hence directs the development for attaining the set goals. It is performed with respect to reviews obtained against the standards and a comparative study can be made with the desired amendments to avoid hindrances in accomplishing the targets. Developing: any successful organization will always encompass means that motivates its employee’s aptitude to work and the requirements of the recruits are constantly evaluated. This is through training, guidance and by opportunities to keep them abreast with the latest trends and technologies. These means provides overall development opportunities as well as promotes better performance, fortifies job-related skills and proficiencies. Through performance management, development abilities are further enhanced and deficiencies are overruled. This kind of management enhances improvements in performance and actions can be directed to promote triumph and efforts of successful employees. Rating: time to time appraisals not only enhance the performance but also let the organization know who the better performers are. This serves as a kind of motivation and always directs the staff to provide their best services. It is essential to assess the performance of the employees through performance management, goals are set and work is planned on a routine basis with great deal of feedback and hurdles. It also provides a way to overcome the problems and a

British Colonization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

British Colonization - Essay Example In the 17th century United Kingdom the term "colonization" came to be utilized in a polemical manner to distinguish the domestic and local programs of the British explorer Captain John Smith. The major mistake or failure of the British colonizers, in an ancient tradition to identify themselves from the European continent, is that they did not classify their own programs to be as dominant as what people thinks. They did mention of "colonization", the transfer of individuals from the European continent to other regions of the world, paving the way to a â€Å"larger Kingdom† of English population. Majority of the British's colonies also failed to find benefits in organized, domestic colonization: great economic and industrial cartel desired for colonizing aid to secure their domestic assts against rivalry and international political conflicts overseas; bureaucrats desired and searched for government positions; people in the security wished for higher responsibilities and ranks; and the usual but striving desired for improved income for their businesses, ranks, and public office responsibilities. A distinctive success of the British colonization was the fact that it caused the emergence of fresh social perspectives of domination. Viewing the emergence of business unification, socialism, and other propaganda on the outset of a period of mass community in both the United Kingdom and later in the Western nations, the British colonizers strived to utilize imperial concepts to coordinate the aid of part of the economic working group. The re-energized mass media advocated colonization in various global wars that happened during the late 19th century and early 20th century. In the 15th century the "colonization" efforts of the British people also emerged to be connected to any ancient or traditional example of a larger authority initiating, or being viewed to be initiating a move, at the expense of a lower authority. The success of the British colonizers was therefore not only utilized to pertain to merciless territory-building programs, which include those of the Italians, the Spaniards or the English powers, but was also utilized uncharacteristically and/or disparagingly, for instance by both sides in communist and anti-communist movement, or to pertain to initiatives of the United Kingdom since the British government's takeover of outside borders on the onset of their feud with Spain, or in connection to the America's current position as the globe's most powerful country. 2. What were the similarities and differences between Spanish and British colonizatio

Brain Mechanism And Artificial Intelligence Psychology Essay

Brain Mechanism And Artificial Intelligence Psychology Essay Artificial Intelligence is the art of programming computers in order to produce intelligent behavior, whereas brain theory is the study of the brains function, to understand how the brain functions, the stimulations that go within and how outputs are produced via mathematical modeling and computer stimulation. It can be argued that both contain similar characteristics for functionality, both works together, this can be seen through artificial intelligence used to understand the roles of brain mechanisms. Furthermore both are involved in high cognitive task, such as reasoning, problem solving and decision making. Although some philosophers have accepted that machines can do everything that humans can do, some disagree with this view arguing that such high sophisticated behavior such as love, emotions discovery and moral decisions can only be carried out by humans. AI for many years has been pursuing the study of intelligent behaviour, but using artificial methodology. Intelligence can be defined as the ability to learn and understand, to solve problems and make decisions, both AI and the human brain share this characteristic. In order to study human intelligence some use artificial intelligence to understand human processes. One of the most significant papers on machine intelligence has been explored by Alan Turning; however his theories still remain universal. Turning (1950) predicted that by 2000, a computer could be programmed to have a conversation with a human interrogator for five minutes and that it would be able to deceive the interrogator that it is human, this suggest a link between AI and brain mechanisms. Both the human brain and machines are able to solve complex mathematical calculations; a machine may be designed to solve these calculations faster than the human brain. Although evidence suggests that our brain stores the equival ent of about of over 1018 bits and can process information at the equivalent of about 1015 bits per second. Therefore both AI and brain mechanisms can work together to produce efficient results, as it is evident that both accept input and generate the correct output. It is required that an intelligent machine should help human make decisions, to search for information, to control complex objects, and finally to understand the meaning of words. One of the possible definitions of AI refers to cognitive processes and especially to reasoning. Before making any decisions, people also reason, it is therefore natural to explore the links between both. Since the early 1950s, there has been a vast development of AI where it has become a valuable tool to support humans making decisions, similarly specific brain mechanisms are involved in decision making in the brain, one can argue that both working together will lead to more valid and faster decisions. To support this, research shows that more sophisticated and user-friendly forms of computer-assisted decision aiding technologies are being developed, examples include decision support systems and external information retrieval system, this then can work alongside brain mechanisms. AI has largely been used for problem solving; such machines have been created than can go beyond the human brain ability to solve problems. These include solving mathematical problems of high complexity; these are programmed to do exactly what we want them to do. AI is now involved in solving real life issues, which are usually dealt by human brain mechanisms, some may suggest that it may reach to such an extent that it outperforms the best traders and investors. Evidence suggest that they are already involved in to forecast the economy and analyze credit risk, these just being to examples. This is a rapid growing field which needs to be given attention. More money is being spent on this as the developments in this field have been immense. Neural networks, is one specific type of AI that mimics many characteristics of the human brain. Research suggests that neural networks are able to draw conclusions of data that is incomplete and may learn from previous mistakes, thus imitating per formance outputs by brain mechanisms. AI systems are increasingly being developed and increasing rapidly, this is because of the variety of applications it includes, such as symbolic reasoning, flexibility and explanation capabilities, thus both AI and brain mechanisms can work together and produce efficient results that would make every day life seem less effortless and produce faster results. The goal of building AI agents was that it provides efficiency and most importantly works parallel to brain mechanisms, such as contains features such as cognitive abilities which will play a role in decision making and help in difficult and complex human situations. Furthermore cognitive abilities such as perception, reasoning, learning and planning turn technical systems into systems that know what they are doing; therefore they may function in parallel to the ways brain mechanisms do. Through the years there has been vast developments and more work is being put into these systems in order to it contains certain amount of repres ented knowledge , learn from previous experiences in order to prevent mistakes previously made and so that it makes further improvement and changes. Furthermore developers have aimed to develop AI even further, such as justify the actions and decisions made, be aware of the capabilities it contains and be able to reflect on its behaviour, these are the same roles that brain mechanisms play, thus they aim to create a parallel model. Although such developments have been made through many years, it may be argued that AI may still not be able to compete with the advanced functionality of brain mechanisms. Despite the speed and memory capacity, AI struggles to contend. The human brain contains around 20 billion neurons, each neuron being connected through synapses of approximately 10,000 other neurons, which AI cannot possibly mimic. However there has been continuous progress and advances of AI, an example might be face recognition software, which detects photos; the brain does this automatically, and relies on memory similar to AI where it uses its stored memory for collection. In AI this has been used for security purposes, which have demonstrated to be very successful. Previous advances include voice recognition, which both AI and brain mechanisms share. For AI this has not only be used in terms of security reasons but also in order to function the device and making it more easier and convenient for use, this has been done through using different applications, where it involves programming, the same way the brain mechanisms programme in order to carry out specified roles. In addition although AI applications use many techniques, the fundamental building block is called the neural network, likewise brain mechanisms functions the same way. Things that were difficult to reason earlier on have become easier to understand through advances in technology. As the human brain being such a complex mechanism it has been difficult to observe human brain activity. New advances have been made in recent years, FMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) being one of these discoveries which has helped immensely to capture brain activity, this has been significant help for AI as it enables to have an insight on brain activity, which may help advance and help imitate brain mechanisms. Furthermore, this then shifts the balance between building artificial intelligent systems and studying natural intelligence. It should be expected that in the future, there should be numerous studies on relating artificial intelligence to natural intelligence. Current evidence suggests that both can work together to demonstrate different cognitive states in humans, here artificial intelligence has been used for learning algorithms to distinguish between various cognitive states observed through FMRI. Looking at this area further, natural and artificial intelligence are both said to be closely related in most objects and in everyday life generally. Both get impacted if are hit physically. Human behavior is said to be artificial at times, both function through language and communication. Communication is essential for both AI and brain mechanisms in order to function. Through communication they are able to send out essential messages, which helps to maintain these systems and allows them to function effectively and plays a key role in all aspects. AI shares many characteristics with brain mechanisms; one may argue that an essential feature which only human mechanisms can produce is emotions. Emotion is defined as a persons feelings and behavior which has a direct affect on the performance, emotions may act as an obstacle to produce intelligent outcome, thus it can be argued that because AI lacks to produce emotions this may not have an impact, therefore not having an influence on the outcomes it produces. However it is essential, that in order to emulate human behavior and to work alongside humans that AI should have emotions, it is required that not only should it think and reason but also be able to show emotions. Overall evidence suggests that both artificial intelligence and brain mechanisms are closely related, both work together in order to produce efficient outcomes. AI and brain mechanisms share many key characteristics such as reasoning, problem solving and decision making and intelligence. Recent evidence suggest that AI has allowed us to understand complex brain processes, this then enables to understand human actions and decisions in more depth. However many researchers still argue that the high level cognition can only be produced by brain mechanisms, such as emotions and feelings that AI fails to produce.

Drinking Alcohol Makes Women More Beautiful :: Research Essays

Drinking Alcohol Makes Women More Beautiful While driving around in my friend’s car my other friend, Michael, commented on how he was going to get plastered, and find some girl to hook up with and he didn’t care about anything else just as long as she had a "nice personality". Others chimed in to the same affect and this got me thinking is this what people really think about when drinking? Is only one thing on their mind? My answer to this question is yes. That is why I chose to do my research paper on this topic. Going into this I decided on a hypothesis that is after a certain number of alcoholic drinks people find others more attractive. This in turn leads them to do other things that normally they would never dream of doing, but it doesn’t really matter, because they have the drunk factor to fall back on. Through a survey, interviews and a case study I have found my hypothesis to be more than just a theory. I will begin with my survey finding. I conducted a survey of 10 people, both males and females, consisting of 10 questions. Now I figured this would happen, but it was the opposite of what I thought they would answer. All of the questions were non-bias and helped me to get a better understanding of the relationship between attractiveness and alcohol. Let’s begin with my survey findings. Among some of the questions I asked were how many times a week do you drink, does your confidence go up after consuming alcohol, do you think alcohol affect others attractiveness to you, and who do you think males or females are more likely to be affected by "beer goggles". A surprising 80% said they drank more than 3 times a week. 20% of males said they had more confidence after drinking, where as 40% of females said they did. I assumed everyone would answer peoples’ attractiveness is affected by alcohol, but the votes were split 50-50. And 90% of those surveyed said that "beer goggles" affect males rather than females. I also interviewed a guy and a girl that had differing opinions about the questions. Some of the answers I got surprised me from both the male and female. My first interview was conducted in the cafeteria, with a 19-year-old sophomore female. The other was in Stouffer and with a 20-year-old junior male.

Marriott at Myanmar Essay

This report is prepared to be the first document evaluating Myanmar’s attractiveness for consideration of establishing Marriott Hotels and Resorts in this country. The best location for the hotel is chosen to be the city called Yangon since it offers a wide variety of activities for travelers with different interests. Yangon Marriott Hotels and Resorts will be attracted to upscale visitors who wish to stay in a luxury, five-star hotel with exceptional service quality, while enjoying the beauty of the country. The target groups of customers are not limited only to local high income Burmese, but also foreign visitors who come on a business or vacation purposes in Myanmar. Myanmar is a resource-rich country with a lot of unseen and attractive destinations. If developed properly, the country has a high potential for growth in the tourism industry in the future. However, due to the high level of risks of its cultural, economical and political systems, this country is considered not attractive enough to operate the luxury brand hospitality business under Marriott name. Strained relationship with the U. S government and the European Union also makes it more difficult for an international brand like Marriott to establish a new business in this country. II. Overview Summary Information A. Key information regarding demographics of the target country The Union of Myanmar, previously called Burma, occupies the largest geographical area in the mainland Southeast Asia. From North to South, three parallel chains of mountain ranges divide the country into three river systems and create various topographic regions. It shares national borders with several countries: China on the north, Laos on the east, Thailand on the southeast, Bangladesh on the west, and India on the northwest, with the Bay of Bengal to the southwest. The country achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1948. The population of Myanmar, approximately 54 million people, is highly diverse. There are eight major ethnic groups, which can be subdivided into 135 ethnic minorities. The official language is Burmese; however, several native languages are also spoken. English is usually spoken, particularly by the educated urban elites, and is the secondary language learnt in government schools. Eighty percent of Burmese population is Buddhist, prevalent in Theravada sect. The military government has officially relocated the capital of the country from Yangon to Naypyidaw in March 2006. III. Business History A. History of the company Marriott International, Inc. is a leading worldwide operator and franchisor of a range of value and luxury hotels and related lodging facilities. Nowadays, Marriott International has about 3,150 lodging properties located in the United States and 67 other countries and territories. Its operations are grouped into five business segments, which are full-service lodging, select service lodging, extended-stay lodging, timeshare, and synthetic fuel. Marriott International was formed in 1993 when Marriott Corporation split into two companies: Marriott International and Host Marriott Corporation. The company is headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland. B. Products/services offered and their unique advantage in the target markets The Marriott has become one of the world’s leading hospitality business operators from its excellent quality, service, and value. Throughout the Asia-Pacific region, its brand name has continuously led the company to the consistent growth in Marriott properties in many countries such as China, Japan, Singapore, and Thailand. Each Marriott hotel differentiates itself with exceptional amenities, individualized attention to guests, and careful reflection of local surroundings. As the business expands worldwide, Marriott brand gains a high level of brand loyalty from its guests. This large customer base will help facilitate the business when the brand enters to new-oversea markets. IV. Business Activity A. Industry structure, competition in the country and current economy of the target country Even though the number of travelers visiting Myanmar is very low, tourism is considered the country’s major source for foreign exchange. Burmese government has been trying to promote their tourism industry to outsiders. They launched the campaign of ‘Visit Myanmar Year’ in 1996. After that, according to the Statistics from Ministry of Hotels Tourism, the number of tourist arrivals has been increased. However, this increasing number could not retain on a continuous basis due to the country’s uncertainty and instability in many areas that made people feel uncomfortable visiting Myanmar. Myanmar’s economy is currently mixed and primarily based on agricultural activities, including livestock, fisheries, and forestry. This sector accounts for 50 percent of the country’s overall GDP. The country also possesses several kinds of valuable natural resources, including intensely fertile soil, offshore oil, and gas deposit. It is also the world’s largest exporter of teak and precious stones such as jade, pearls, rubies, and sapphires. Since late 1988, Myanmar moved toward more market-oriented economy. It changed its centrally planned economy to be more liberalized, both in domestic and international trade. The role of private sector was promoted, and foreign direct investment was welcomed. Despite such efforts, Myanmar is still considered the poorest country among the Southeast Asian nations. Although tourist industry has a high potential for growth in the future, it still remains underdeveloped. This is because mismanagement from the military government’s control, ineffective and inefficient policies, poor infrastructures, together with the country’s bad international image have drawn the whole country to the state of underdevelopment. Moreover, since the late 1990s, Myanmar’s economy has worsened due to economic sanctions from many countries such as the European Union, Canada, and the U. S. Foreign investments usually come from China, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand. V. Market Research A. Market conditions in target country 1. Existing demand There are several reasons why Myanmar should be a good place in consideration for new investment opportunity. The country has vast and virtually untapped natural resources. To this day, Myanmar remains one of the most mysterious and undiscovered destinations in the world. The country seems appealing to many tourists around the world due to its unseen attractions with regard to cultures, history, and natural beauty. There has been an increasing demand from outside the country, especially from those travelers who wish to discover this resource-rich country. Myanmar is viewed as a good destination for people who want to have an exotic adventure, beach vacation, and mountain experience. In addition, advocates supporting Burmese tourist claim that it is the only method to help Burmese poor citizen to have a better standard of living and avoid isolating the country from the rest of the world. Another important issue needed to be pointed out is the message from the leader of Myanmar’s opposition National League of Democracy. Aung San Suu Kyi has in the past asked foreign tourists not to visit the country, as this helps increase the military junta’s power. This is one of the reasons why some people do not want to visit the country. 2. Competition After the Burmese government opened the country to promote several industries, tourism started to develop in Myanmar. Nowadays, there are approximately 500 hotels and guesthouses throughout the country. In Yangon alone, there are only six luxury hotels and approximately 20 moderate and economy hotels. Among those luxury hotels, none of them is operated under the recognized global hotel-chain companies. Most of the hotels are run by local Burmese people or businessmen from neighboring countries such as China, Singapore and Thailand. Therefore, competition in Myanmar’s tourism industry has not reached the intense level yet. VI. Potential Difficulties or Restriction A. Entry requirement The Government of Myanmar posts some restrictions on foreign investors wishing to do business in the country. In order to establish and operate under contractual agreement or partnership, foreign entity must submit all proposals to the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) and get approved under the Foreign Investment Law (FIL). Foreign investors can set up their business either in the form of a wholly-owned subsidiary or a joint venture with any partners: an individual, private company, a cooperative society or a state-owned enterprise. In all joint ventures, the minimum equity required from the foreign party is 35 percent. Moreover, the minimum amount of capital requirement to be eligible under the Foreign Investment Law is set to be US $500,000 for an industry, but US$300,000 for a service organization. Tourism industry is one of many sectors allowed under the Foreign Investment Law. Rather than the initial investment requirement, Myanmar also has commercial tax of ten percent levied on service of operation of hotels. B. Intellectual property issues Intellectual property is one important issue that prevents many oversea businesses from entering to Myanmar. The country has a negative outlook on its control with regard to this matter. Myanmar is considered having poor, maybe poorest, intellectual property right laws by the outside world. Marriott brand could be jeopardized since Myanmar’s legislation alone may not be able to protect the ownership of the company’s trademark. In the past, there was an evident showing that some local businesses were registered by using the existing international trademarks or trade name, and that prevented the original owners to register their own names and run the business in this country. VII. Cultural Issues A. Religion and its role in the society Since most Burmese people are Buddhist of Theravada stream, Buddhism has greatly influenced the standards of etiquette in the country. Their core religious belief is karma, the concept that good fathers good and bad fathers bad. This core belief has reflected in almost every aspect in everyday life; however, it does not play a significant role in doing business in this country. With basic knowledge of Burmese culture and custom, foreigners would find it easy to live with the local people. B. Special cultural issues For employer and employee relationship, Burmese employees are hardworking and loyal to their bosses. In return, an employer is expected to give help when in times of need. Such help can be the advice given for personal problems or loan granted in a financial crisis. As in all Asian countries, Myanmar respect people older than them. Therefore, in order to avoid friction in workplace, subordinates should be working under an older supervisor. Friendship, trust, and honesty are valued in a business relationship. Favors received, such as introducing a potential client or supplying a reference, must be repaid at a future time. For the first time in a business meeting, details of the project may not be discussed. Instead, the meeting may be spent evaluating each other’s personality and business strengths and weaknesses. In general, Myanmar business people find it easier to deal with Asians than Westerners. C. Business cultural issues In recent years, both China and India have attempted to strengthen ties with the Burmese government for economic benefits. This situation indicates that relationship with the military government could help smooth out the process or get the deals more easily. Personal relationship is considered one of the key components that could determine the success of the business. Foreign business will be more likely to succeed if the foreign entity can tie with a local partner, ultimately the Burmese government. According to Asian Journal of Political Science, â€Å"all post-colonial Myanmar governments and the business community benefited from their clientelistic networks. Without the help of government officials, many business firms would have gone under quickly; at the same time, without the assistance of business people, it would have been hard for most post-colonial Myanmar governments to keep themselves in power. It is very clear that government-business relations cannot simply be reduced to a zero-sum game. Certain interactions between the military government and the business community were mutually empowering†. Corruption is systemic at all levels of the Government and society. From Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, â€Å"It is considered by economists and businesspersons to be one of the most serious barriers to investment and doing business in the country. A Byzantine and capricious regulatory environment fostered corruption. † VIII. Service Operation A. Location of service facilities The best location that Marriott Hotels and Resorts could be is in the city called Yangon. Yangon, previously known as Rangoon, is one of the most popular areas for foreign visitors and is considered the gateway to Myanmar. It is the largest and former capital of the country. Even though the city is no longer the capital, Yangon continues to be the most important commercial center of Myanmar. This relatively simple city is attractive in its own particular way. Yangon has earned the name ‘the Garden City of the East’ since it is green and cool with lush of tropical trees, shady parks, and beautiful lakes. The city offers a wide variety of activities for visitors such as diving, cultures, and ecotourism. Therefore, this city has a potential to attract a lot of travelers with different interests. B. Service modification necessary to adapt to local environment Since one of Marriott’s strength lies in its careful reflection of local surroundings, Marriott Hotels and Resorts built in Yangon should hold the same principle. Yangon Marriott Hotels and Resorts should combine the city’s natural beauty of its history, culture and scenery while offering the unique luxury standards. Destination hotels and resorts type might be an appropriate alternative for Marriott in Yangon. The destination resort should be located in the Yangon area with noteworthy natural features, plus an urban setting. IX. Personnel Strategies A. Employment restriction Myanmar has active labor force of about 20 million. They are fairly trained manpower and skilled labor with relatively low cost comparing to other neighboring countries. There is only 23 percent of the overall population working in the service industry; however, these Burmese people are considered hospitable due to the fact that they are generally honest and kind. However, due to the country’s poor infrastructure, Burmese people are not provided with good education. Their skills might not be good enough to fit in Marriott’s high standards of hospitality service. Therefore, it seems necessary for Marriott to provide training sessions to improve their hospitality skills. B. Expatriate issues Since Marriott ties the brand image with its superb service quality, it is vital that Yangon Marriott Hotels and Resorts are equipped with talented management team. Marriott International Inc. might need to import managers from oversea to run the Myanmar operations in order to ensure that Marriott’s core business practice is followed everywhere. This issue brings about big challenge since it will not be easy to find the talented people who will be willing to work in a country with high uncertainty and instability in many aspects on a voluntary basis. Marriott International Inc. might need to provide them with high enough incentives to encourage them to accept this assignment. Nevertheless, under the Foreign Investment Law, Myanmar allows the employment of foreign experts and technicians. Required manpower can be recruited through Township Labor Offices. X. Risks A. Government stability The most important risk exposed in Myanmar deals with its political issue. For the past 40 years, Myanmar has been ruled by the military government or junta, in which the power is centered. The State Peace and Development Council, or SPDC, maintains strict authoritarian rule over the people of Myanmar. The country has a reputation abroad for brutally crushing political dissent, as in the case of house arrests of Aung San Suu Kyi. According to the information from the articles Foreign relations of Burma and Military of Burma, â€Å"Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy won a landslide victory in the country’s election of 1990; however, the military — which has controlled Myanmar (Burma) for decades — refused to transition the country to civilian democratic rule. For her part, Aung San Suu Kyi has spent most of the last decade under house arrest for her political efforts. In 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize while still under house arrest. † This case brings about the global awareness and concern on the country’s political abuse and human right violation. B. Legal risk The country also completely lacks of regulatory and legal transparency. â€Å"All existing regulations, including those covering foreign investments, are subject to change with no advance or written notice at the whim of the regime’s ruling general. Myanmar does not accept International Court of Justice. C. Economic risk Myanmar’s economy suffers from serious macroeconomic imbalance. The country’s money currency is called Kyat, which is not stable at all. Volatility happens on a weekly basis. The Kyat is not convertible. This severe situation includes rising inflation, fiscal deficits, and multiple official exchange rates that overvalue the Burmese Kyat. A major banking crisis in 2003 also contributed a large negative impact on the overall disrupted economy. XI. Potential Benefits A. Market potential As already mentioned, Myanmar is one of resourceful countries that have high potential for future growth in tourism industry. The country offers all traditional delights of Asia in one country. If developed properly, the country’s tourism can become one of the world’s famous tourist destinations. Seeing this opportunity, Marriott brand can expand globally throughout the Asian Pacific region. Now Marriott brand has its hotel chains in Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam in this Asia Pacific region. B. Incentive from local government Myanmar’s Foreign Investment Law provides a lot of incentives to foreign investors in the form of tariff and taxes. The business will be granted a tax exemption for three consecutive years beginning the first year of operation. The country also provides the relief from income tax on profit reinvested within one year. Myanmar guarantees that the business permitted under FIL will be protected from being nationalized during the granted period. C. Relationship to the United States However, according to Bureau of Democracy – Human Right and Labor, â€Å"the US and Burmese relation has been worsened after the 1988 military coup and violent suppression of pro-democracy demonstration. Subsequent repression, including the brutal crackdown on peaceful protestors in September 2007, further strained the relationship. † â€Å"In addition, since May 1997, the U. S. Government has prohibited new investment by U. S. persons or entities. A number of U. S. companies exited the Burma market even prior to the imposition of sanctions due to a worsening business climate and mounting criticism from human rights groups, consumers, and shareholders. The United States has also imposed countermeasures on Burma due to its inadequate measures to eliminate money laundering. † As a result of the above fact, it seems inappropriate for Marriott to enter Myanmar at this moment. Since Marriott is a U. S. based company, the company could run into a big conflict with the U. S. government, which could have a seriously negative impact on its hotel operations around the world.

Chicanos in music essays

Chicanos in music essays Chicanos have come a long way in this industry as well as other ethnic groups. Chicanos do not just come out with the all time favorite music such as corridos, regional mexicano, or banda. Now a days Chicanos are coming out with Chicano Rap, Regional Urbano, Reggeton. Regional Urbano is some what like Regional Urbano, but the only difference is that in Regional Urbano is rapping in Spanish with a Spanish beat background. Reggeton is some what like reggae but its with Chicanos. That kind music is also mixed with rap beats as well as Spanish beats. A lot of the rappers do not just rap about killing someone or about money but some rap about how it has been growing up in the world being a Chicano(a). They also rap about how hard they saw it when going to school and how hard they had it when they would drop out of school. They send out positive messages about staying in school. Chicanos are coming out with different movements besides the ones we already know. The main one you hear about in the mainstream is Latin Pop, but now Chicanos name it Movimiento Chicano. The Movimiento Chicano is not the same as Latin Pop they are two different types of music. Not like Ricky Martin, J Lo, and many others that went from Spanish to English Chicanos are doing the opposite. Chicanos are not just going from English to Spanish but they are also doing music in both the languages which turns out to be Spanglish. Some Chicanos such as Jae-P, Azteka, Lil Rob, Mr. Capone-e and many others that are bring Chicano Rap and Regional Urbano out to the public. They relate themselves to us and how it is to grow up as a Chicano. Most of the Chicanos grew up in the streets and know how it its to live out there in the streets. They want to let everyone know what it is like to live in the streets getting involved in gangs and other things that go on when living in the streets. I know some rappers that come from South Central LA, Watts, San Dieg...

Medievil essays

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Voltaire and the Spread of Knowledge during the Enlightenment. The Essay

Voltaire and the Spread of Knowledge during the Enlightenment. The French Revolution - Essay Example The human being could look at nature and rather than only seeing God, see how things in nature worked through discovery. This shift is significant as up until this period people had been defined by looking at the world and determining God and His intentions towards human beings rather than looking at it and seeing how human kind could understand how nature worked. This shift in cultural belief systems provided for the development of science and philosophy as a primary means of understanding nature over myth. One of the contributing factors to the development of the Enlightenment philosophies was the emergence of cafe’s. According to Noble et al the development of the cultural establishment known as the cafe was to the 18th century what the internet is to modern 21st century information exchange. Profound changes in thinking in relationship to rationality were exchanged between those who attended the cafe houses in order to discuss politics and associated social topics (507). F rancois-Marie Arouet, or Voltaire as he was known, was one of the more well known writers of the Enlightenment who frequented cafe’s. According to Weinberg and Bealer, Voltaire was known to have a caffeine addiction and be an avid coffee drinker who frequented cafe’s and engaged in meaningful discussions about academics and philosophy (43). Voltaire’s contributions to philosophy were numerous, but one of his greatest contributions was in spreading the work of Isaac Newton. Simosan writes about Voltaire as his writing was influential in bringing the knowledge of mathematics into the public sphere. His fascination with the work of Sir Isaac Newton also included a fascination for mathematics and Voltaire was responsible for translating Newton’s Principia into French from its original Latin. In translating the work into a vernacular, Voltaire had put into practice the idea that knowledge should be accessible. One of his novels used the backdrop of Newton†™s discoveries in science as a way in which to combine mathematics and fiction. The book Micromegas is a work of science fiction in which an expedition is led to Lapland in order to â€Å"measure the length of a degree of arc along a line of latitude† in order to explore the theory that the Earth flattened at the poles and bulged at the equator as had been suggested by Newton. Although the work included aliens that came and encountered the scientists, this also contributed to the public knowledge about mathematics (Simosan and Voltare 2). The influence of Voltaire in spreading the knowledge of higher level thinkers such as Newton changed an element of the nature of knowledge. Voltaire influenced his immediate society in the short term by contributing to the shifting thought and in the long term by recording and spreading knowledge as a public commodity. Newton wrote in Latin which was considered an academic language, but Voltaire took that knowledge and translated it for th e common reader. Education had not advanced to the point that literacy was high, but in translating an academic book into a vernacular language Voltaire changed the influence that Newton could have over culture. Newton’s work was not the only way in which he expanded theory about social life and knowledge. He also engaged his own nation, France, with the progressive ideas that were part of the political and economic system in Britain (Noble 507). Voltaire was influenced by his experiences in travel, especially during his exile into Britain. Just as the cafe’s had allowed for the exchange of knowledge, Voltaire’s travel allowed him to expand his ideas about society and its traditions. Voltaire believed British society to be more rational than his own country of